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Biomedical subjects

E Ma

Publications and source records attributed to E Ma.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses.

Unlike the well-defined long-range order that characterizes crystalline metals, the atomic arrangements in amorphous alloys remain mysterious at present. Despite intense research activity on metallic glasses and relentless pursuit of their structural description, the details of how the atoms are packed in amorphous metals are generally far less understood than for the case of network-forming glasses. Here we use a combination of state-of-the-art experimental and computational techniques to resolve the atomic-level structure of amorphous alloys. By analysing a range of model binary systems that involve different chemistry and atomic size ratios, we elucidate the different types of short-range order as well as the nature of the medium-range order. Our findings provide a reality check for the atomic structural models proposed over the years, and have implications for understanding the nature, forming ability and properties of metallic glasses.

Journal Article↗

Use of midazolam and ketamine as sedation for children undergoing minor operative procedures.

OBJECTIVES: We used intravenous midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing minor operative procedures with satisfactory results. We aimed to further evaluate its efficacy and adverse effects in pediatric ward setting. METHODS: This was a prospective study of all children undergoing minor operations with sedation in our pediatric general and oncology wards from July 1998 to June 1999. The procedures included lumber puncture+/-intrathecal chemotherapy, bone marrow aspiration+/-trephine biopsy, central venous catheter removal, skin biopsy, or their combination. All sedation procedures were started with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1 mg/kg; they were increased gradually to 0.4 and 4 mg/kg, respectively, if necessary. Heart rate and SaO2 were continuously monitored. RESULTS: Altogether, 369 minor operations were performed in 112 patients (male:female=2:1, median age 6 years, range 5 months-17 years). All achieved adequate sedation, with 96% within 30 s and 75% required just the starting dose. Younger children required a higher dosage (p=0.003 for midazolam, p<0.001 for ketamine). The median recovery time was 87 min, with no association with age, sex, or dosage of sedation, but was longer in patients having hallucination (p=0.001). Adverse effects included tachycardia (27.9%), increased secretion (17.6%), agitation (13.6%), nausea and vomiting (9.2%), hallucination (8.7%), desaturation (8.4%), and cataleptic reaction (0.8%). All desaturation episodes were transient and responded to oxygen supplement alone. None developed bronchospasm or convulsion. Some adverse effects were dose-related. Half of the children who received 0.3 mg/kg midazolam developed desaturation. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous midazolam-ketamine can provide rapid, effective, and safe sedation for children undergoing minor operations in ward setting. Adverse effects are mild. Midazolam above 0.3 mg/kg should be used with caution.

Adolescent↗

Male and female prolactin receptor mRNA expression in the brain of a biparental and a uniparental hamster, phodopus, before and after the birth of a litter.

Prolactin receptor (PRL-R) mRNA transcript level was quantified in the choroid plexus (ChP) of a naturally biparental hamster, Phodopus campbelli, and its otherwise similar, yet nonpaternal, sibling species, Phodopus sungorus. Pair-housed males and females on the day before the birth of their first litter (G17), the day after birth (L1), lactation day 5 (L5), and unpaired animals that were sexually naïve, were tested. PRL-R mRNA transcript level relative to total RNA, was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using primers common to the long- and short-form of the PRL-R in Phodopus. In the ChP, a region implicated in prolactin transport into the central nervous system, females had the expected increase in PRL-R mRNA transcript from dioestrus to L5, consistent with known actions of prolactin. As predicted, males and females of the biparental species were similar, although PRL-R mRNA in naive males was higher than in dioestrus females. Males of the two species also differed as predicted. PRL-R mRNA transcript levels were higher in the biparental males. In addition, P. campbelli males had low PRL-R mRNA at G17 compared to L5. By contrast, non-paternal P. sungorus males had elevated PRL-R mRNA transcript levels on G17 relative to unpaired males. We conclude that PRL-R mRNA in the ChP is differentially regulated before and after birth in a paternal and a nonpaternal male.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Atomic packing of the inherent structure of simple liquids.

We report a universal inherent packing structure underlying the simple liquids, the normalized distribution functions of which are independent of temperature and density. The inherent packing state, carrying the maximized configurational entropy, has intrinsic connections with the maximally random jammed state of hard spheres.

Journal Article↗

Icosahedral short-range order in amorphous alloys.

We have characterized the icosahedral short-range order in amorphous solids using local environment probes. Such topological local order is pronounced even in an amorphous alloy that does not form quasicrystalline phases upon crystallization, as demonstrated by the extended x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray absorption near-edge structure of a Ni-Ag amorphous alloy analyzed through reverse Monte Carlo simulations.

Journal Article↗

Nanostructured Ti-based multi-component alloys with potential for biomedical applications.

A group of Ti(60)Cu(14)Ni(12)Sn(4)M(10) (M=Nb, Ta, Mo) alloys was prepared using arc melting and copper mold casting. The as-prepared alloys have a composite microstructure containing a micrometer-sized dendritic beta-Ti(M) phase dispersed in a nanocrystalline matrix. These new alloys exhibit a low Young's modulus in the range of 59-103 GPa, and a high yield strength of 1037-1755 MPa, together with large plastic strains. The combination of high strength and low elastic modulus offers potential advantages in biomedical applications.

Alloys↗

Homogeneity of a supersaturated solid solution.

Extended x-ray absorption fine structures, small-angle x-ray scattering, and atomistic model calculations have been employed to probe the homogeneity of the fcc solution created in Ag-Cu, a classical system demonstrating the extension of solubility across the entire miscibility gap through rapid quenching. Our results reveal that in many cases the supersaturated solutions formed have decomposition features on the scale of 1 nm. Conventional diffraction methods are inadequate in determining the level of supersaturation or the uniformity of such solid solution alloys.

Journal Article↗

Evaluation of paediatric osteosarcomas by classic cytogenetic and CGH analyses.

Classic cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) data on osteosarcomas have been reported extensively in the literature. However, the number of paediatric osteosarcoma cases studied below the age of 14 years remains relatively small. This study reports four new cases of paediatric osteosarcoma in patients aged 3 to 13 years, evaluated by classic cytogenetics and CGH analyses. Clonal chromosomal alterations were detected in all the cases and included structural rearrangements at 1p11-13, 1q11, 4q27-33, 6p23-25, 6q16-25, 7p13-22, 7q11-36, 11p10-15, 11q23, 17p11.2-13, 21p11, and 21q11-22. The CGH analysis revealed recurrent gains at 1p, 4q, 17p, and 21q and losses at 3q and 16p. Five amplification sites were observed at 1q11-23, 6p21, 8q13, 8q21.3-24.2, and 17p. The data are discussed and compared with other cytogenetic reports in the literature.

Adolescent↗

Melting mechanisms at the limit of superheating.

The atomic-scale details during melting of a surface-free Lennard-Jones crystal were monitored using molecular dynamics simulations. Melting occurs when the superheated crystal spontaneously generates a sufficiently large number of spatially correlated destabilized particles that simultaneously satisfy the Lindemann and Born instability criteria. The accumulation and coalescence of these internal local lattice instabilities constitute the primary mechanism for homogeneous melt nucleation inside the crystal, in lieu of surface nucleation for equilibrium melting. The vibrational and elastic lattice instability criteria as well as the homogeneous nucleation theory all coincide in determining the superheating limit.

Journal Article↗

Neutrino mass, muon anomalous magnetic moment, and lepton flavor nonconservation.

If the generating mechanism for neutrino mass is to account for both the newly observed muon anomalous magnetic moment as well as the present experimental bounds on lepton flavor nonconservation, then the neutrino mass matrix should be almost degenerate and the underlying physics should be observable at future colliders. We illustrate this assertion with two specific examples, and show that gamma(mu;-->egamma)/m5(mu), gamma(tau-->egamma)/m5tau, and gamma(tau-->(mu)gamma)/m5tau are in the ratio ((Delta)m2)2sol/2, ((Delta)m2)2sol/2, and ((Delta)m2)2atm, respectively, where the (Delta)m2 parameters are those of solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations and bimaximal mixing has been assumed.

Journal Article↗

Co-existence of alternative forms of 8q gain in cytogenetic clones of three patients with acute myeloid leukemia, pointing to 8q22 approximately 8qter as a region of biologic significance.

Clonal trisomy 8 chromosome abnormalities can be detected in 15% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The most common form of change is complete gain of the whole chromosome 8, followed by partial gains in unbalanced forms. The biologic consequences of trisomy 8 remain unclear, but a gene dosage effect is suspected. We report on three patients with AML who had alternative forms of chromosome 8 gain in their bone marrow cells. The partial gains resulted from a breakpoint in the chromosome band 8q22. This indicates that the region 8q22 to 8qter may be of particular pathogenetic importance.

Acute Disease↗

Amorphous structures in the immiscible Ag-Ni system.

Vapor quenching in the phase-separating Ag-Ni system creates alloys that appear homogeneously amorphous under conventional probes. However, an atomic-level structural analysis based on extended x-ray absorption fine structures in combination with reverse Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrates that these new phases are characterized by nonuniform, spinodal-like structures on an extremely fine scale. This heterogeneous nature of the structure is directly responsible for the unexpectedly low heat (and temperature) of crystallization observed in calorimetric measurements.

Journal Article↗

Naturally small seesaw neutrino mass with no new physics beyond the TeV scale.

If there is no new physics beyond the TeV energy scale, such as in a theory of large extra dimensions, the smallness of the seesaw neutrino mass, i.e., m(nu) = m(2)(D)/m(N), cannot be explained by a very large m(N). In contrast to previous attempts to find an alternative mechanism for a small m(nu), I show how a solution may be obtained in a simple extension of the standard model, without using any ingredient supplied by the large extra dimensions. It is also experimentally testable at future accelerators.

Journal Article↗

Familial deletion of (8)(q24.13q24.22) associated with a normal phenotype.

We report a familial deletion of (8q) detected in amniocytes of a fetus with a normal ultrasound and in the phenotypically normal mother, who has now had three pregnancy losses. Chromosome analysis of amniocytes and maternal peripheral blood cells showed an interstitial deletion of (8)(q24.13q24.22), which is distal to the region associated with Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) or trichorhinophalangeal (TRP) syndrome. This deletion was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a c-myc cosmid clone and chromosome 8 painting library.

Adult↗