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Biomedical subjects

E M Taylor

Publications and source records attributed to E M Taylor.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Family and community factors associated with infant deaths that might be preventable.

A detailed psychosocial study was made of all deaths in babies aged between 8 days and 2 years in Sheffield over two years. An identical assessment was made of a group of control children matched for age. Sixty five children who died and 102 controls were studied. Each index and control child was assessed for 13 potentially adverse social and family factors. The deaths were classified into causal groups. The families of children who died during the course of potentially treatable diseases (those with infections and those who presented as cot deaths but had treatable infection) had a significantly greater number of adverse social factors than the families of children who died from conditions with a poor prognosis, children who presented as completely unexplained cot deaths, and controls. The adverse factors studied, although often related to economic state, appeared to be independent of social class.

Communication↗
PubMed1983

Prevention of unexpected infant death. Evaluation of the first seven years of the Sheffield Intervention Programme.

In the years 1973-79, 39452 infants born to parents resident in Sheffield were scored at birth for risk of unexpected infant death. Before 1973 post-perinatal mortality in Sheffield was on average 11.5% above the rate for England and Wales. Since 1973 it has only once exceeded the rate for England and Wales. "Possibly preventable" deaths have fallen from 5.2 to 1.9 per 1000. 12% of this decline is associated with a rise in the average age of the mother and a fall in the number of pregnancies, 9% with a reduction in precipitate deliveries, 24% with an increase in breastfeeding, 18% with extra care given by health visitors to high-risk infants, and 36% with other factors. The reduction in mortality attributed directly to the effect of increased visiting of high-risk infants is numerically similar to the number of lives saved by treating cancers of children. This suggests that home visiting by health visitors is highly cost-effective.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1982

Two-year study of the causes of postperinatal deaths classified in terms of preventability.

A detailed pathological and psychosocial study was made of all postperinatal (8 days-2 years) deaths in Sheffield during a 2-year period. The cause of death was classified from the point of view of possible prevention. Of the total of 65 deaths, 35 were unpreventable after the perinatal period, but 9 might have been preventable before birth. Of the 30 other deaths, 20 had evidence of possible treatable disease, and for the majority of these adverse social factors could be identified. Proved non-accidental injury occurred in 2 children and in 3 others there was a high degree of suspicion of 'gentle battering'. Only in 4 children was death unexplained and this apparently represents the local true unexplained cot death rate of 0.16/1000 births.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1980

Effect of tilting on the pressor responses to McN-A-343, a muscarinic sympathetic ganglion stimulant.

1 In anaesthetized cats and dogs treated with mecamylamine, the pressor response to McN-A-343 was increased when the animals were changed from a supine to a head-up, tilted position. This potentiation was not seen in rats. 2 The potentiation of the McN-A-343 pressor response was not affected by propranolol, destruction of the brain, or removal of the intestines, spleen or adrenal glands. It was promptly abolished by applying pressure to the lower half of the tilted animal. No increase in the pressor response to McN-A-343 occurred when cats were tilted head down. The potentiated response in tilted cats was abolished by atropine. 3 The pressor effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, tyramine and angiotensin in cats treated with mecamylamine were either reduced or unchanged when the animal was changed from the supine to the tilted position. In one cat not treated with mecamylamine in which orthostatic hypotension occurred, tilting potentiated the pressor responses to dimethyl phenylpiperazinium iodide. 4 In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, the reflex pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion was reduced by tilting. After mecamylamine treatment the residual atropine-sensitive response to carotid occlusion was potentiated when the animal was placed in the tilted position. 5 These results suggest that muscarinic stimulation of sympathetic ganglia by McN-A-343 raises blood pressure by predominantly reducing venous capacity, in contrast to noradrenaline and angiotension which increase blood pressure mainly by arterial vasoconstriction. 6 It is not clear whether this is a general property of sympathetic ganglionic stimulation or is restricted to stimulation of muscarinic sites.

(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethy↗
PubMed1980

Somatic reflex development in infant macaques.

Thirty infant monkeys have been tested on a protocol of 19 measures of somatic reflex development. The sample includes four cesarean-derived premature infants of 150-160 days gestational age, and 26 term infants ranging in age from four to 48 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

SK&F 92657, a novel antihypertensive acting by precapillary vasodilatation and beta-adrenoreceptor blockade.

1. The properties of a new antihypertensive agent, SK&F 92657, DL-3-[2-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]-6-hydrazinopyridazine, have been studied. 2. The compound caused a sustained fall in blood pressure in several species as a result of precapillary vasodilatation, particularly in the renal and coronary vasculatures. 3. The beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking actions of SK&F 92657 prevent reflex cadiac stimulation.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1978

Prolonged apnea in infant monkeys resulting from stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve.

We measured characteristics of apnea resulting from electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in 28 anesthetized infant monkeys ranging from a gestational age of 141 days to 49 days postterm and in four adult monkeys. Progressive reduction in ventilation accompanied weak suprathreshold SLN stimulation. Poststimulus apnea followed stronger stimulation. Apnea duration was directly proportional to stimulus duration, provided that stimulus intensity was at least 1.5 X threshold. Poststimulus apnea periods were briefer in older infants and did not occur in adults. Pao2 measurements in four animals showed that lower values were associated with the longer poststimulus apnea episodes. Upper airway resistance measurements obtained from a subglottal cannula revealed that glottal closure was transiently associated with the onset of SLN stimulation, but the degree of closure diminished during the course of stimulation and was not present during the subsequent period of apnea. The parameters of SLN stimulation determine specific changes in cardiovascular functions independently of their respiratory effects. The results suggest that a brief afferent input from the SLN may have prolonged effects on respiratory regulation in infants. These persisting effects may be an important consideration in sudden infant death syndrome mechanisms.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1977

Infant primate larynx: developmental histology.

Laryngeal epithelium of monkeys (M. mulatta, M. nemestrina) ranging in age from late fetal to adult was found to undergo the following developmental changes: (1) progressive elaboration of commissural epithelium prenatally, reaching the adult form of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium early in the postnatal period;(2) vocal process epithelium changing from cuboid to stratified squamous tissue during the late prenatal period, and (3) progressive increments in overall epithelial thicknees during development, reaching a maximum in the early postnatal period. Chondrocyte density of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage decreased during the late prenatal period, reaching the adult form at the neonatal stage. The evidence suggests that mechanical or metaplastic stresses do not determine the observed tissue changes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Sudden death in infant primates from induced laryngeal occlusion.

Thirteen infant and juvenile monkeys and baboons were studied in procedures designed to assess the functional characteristics of the upper airway, with special attention to the consequences of laryngeal nerve stimulation. In young animals, stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve produced closure of the airway in sufficient degree and duration to cause death. Older juvenile monkeys were resistant to fatal laryngospasm induced by nerve stimulation. A variety of patterns of general autonomic response accompanied the airway changes. These results are consistent with (1) a laryngospasm hypothesis to account for certain terminal events in sudden infant death syndrome, and (2) prior observations of age-related general autonomic stability.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Dimensions of the infant monkey upper airway.

Upper airways of infant Macaque monkeys were measured with respect to twenty-one dimensions of endocasts. Measurements were tabulated and plotted against age and body weight. Dimensions of the upper airway of these animals are characterized by variability.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1974

Hypotensive and vasodilator actions of SK&F 24260, a new dihydropyridine derivative.

1 The blood pressure of conscious normotensive, Goldblatt-hypertensive and genetic-hypertensive rats and normotensive dogs was lowered by SK&F 24260 (1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-trifluormethylphenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester).2 Tachycardia always accompanied the hypotension. In rats propranolol abolished the tachycardia but in dogs there was only a small reduction in the heart rate response.3 In conscious dogs there was an increase in left ventricular output and a marked fall in total peripheral resistance.4 SK&F 24260 dilated resistance vessels in rat hindquarters. Dilatation was caused by doses of SK&F 24260 some 50 times smaller than those of hydrallazine.5 In preparations of cat skeletal muscle and intestinal vascular beds SK&F 24260 selectively dilated resistance vessels in preference to capacitance vessels and resembled hydrallazine rather than papaverine which has no such selectivity.6 Pre-capillary sphincter vessels were also dilated by SK&F 24260. Changes in fluid equilibrium caused by SK&F 24260 were consistent with selective dilatation of resistance vessels.

Animals↗