An investigation of three types of multiple choice questions.
The present paper reports of the results of a preliminary evaluation of the A, and K, and E type multiple choice question.
Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to E M Nanson.
The present paper reports of the results of a preliminary evaluation of the A, and K, and E type multiple choice question.
The seriousness of dysphagia as a symptom is emphasised. Two illustrative cases are described in which carcinoma of the oesophagus causing dysphagia was diagnosed late. The importance of early barium studies and early oesophagoscopy is stressed. The poor results of management of carcinoma of the oesophagus associated with late diagnosis are illustrated in the patient data presented.
A brief review of carcinomas arising in pharyngeal diverticula is given. An 80-year-old patient is described who has survived 3 years after operative removal of a diverticulum containing a carcinoma. The seriousness of the condition is shown by the mortality rate which has been reported as 65 per cent within 2 years.
The experience of a professorial unit over a four-year period of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is described. The high incidence of anaemia in lesions proximal to the splenic flexure is shown. The distressing misdiagnosis of the cause of this anaemia is pointed out, and the consequent misuse of haematinics in the form of blood transfusion, iron and vitamin B12 is shown.
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A synchronous combined abdomino-thoraco-cervical oesophagectomy with an abdominal and a thoracic team working simultaneously, is advocated. The method is described. The necessity for wide excision of the oesophagus is stressed, and the routine use of the stomach for reconstruction is advised. This approach may be used for both benign and malignant conditions.
Operative cholangiography should be used routinely during operations on the gallbladder and biliary tree. The indications for operative cholangiography include demonstration of unsuspected stones, of abnormal biliary tree anatomy, and of tumour within intrahepatic branches of the biliary tree; determination of the nature of periampullary obstruction and of the best approach for removal of stones impacted low in the common bile duct; avoidance of unnecessary choledochotomy; assistance in diagnosis of stenosing cholangitis, cholangiolytic jaundice or choledochal cyst; and to ensure, postexploration, that the duct contains no stones. These indications were evaluated in a review of the records of 151 patients who underwent biliary tract operations. Operative cholangiography was performed in 133 of these patients. The review disclosed that 5.7% of common bile duct stones were totally unsuspected and that 30% of common bile ducts suspected to be abnormal were proven to be clear of stones, so that an unnecessary choledochotomy was avoided. The technique of operative cholangiography is simple, but successful use of it requires meticulous attention to detail and frequent use by a regular team.
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At the University Hospital, Saskatoon, over the last three years, pacemakers have been inserted in 40 patients with complete or incomplete heart block. Fourteen of the patients were females and 26 were males. The average age was 65 years; 12 were over 80 years of age, and the youngest patient was 8 years of age. In none was the heart block due to operation. Thirty-three patients are still alive and well. There have been seven deaths three early and four late. One patient died because of a "runaway" pacemaker, and two as a result of infection persisting around the pacemaker. Twenty-nine Medtronic pacemakers were used and 14 Atricor pacemakers; currently we favour the latter instrument.
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