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Biomedical subjects

E M Evans

Publications and source records attributed to E M Evans.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Infiltration of cervical cancer tissue with human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

CTLs specific for high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have recently been found in the peripheral blood of cervical cancer patients. Although cell-mediated immunity is thought to be important in the control of HPV infection, the functional relevance and site of activation of HPV-specific CTLs are unclear. We identified HLA-A*0201-restricted HPV-16 E7 peptide-specific CTLs in the peripheral blood (four of five patients), draining lymph nodes (three of four patients) and tumors (one of three patients) of cervical cancer patients. In four of four cancer patients, the frequency of CTLs specific for a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HPV-16 and -18 E6/E7 gene products was found to be higher in tumors and lymph nodes compared with that of peripheral blood. HPV-specific CTLs were not identified in any of seven healthy controls, but primary responses could be generated by peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (four of four controls). In a non-HLA-A*0201 subject with invasive carcinoma, other HLA alleles also presented HPV antigens. This is the first demonstration that virus-specific CTLs infiltrate the virus-associated tumor, where they may play an important role in restricting disease progression.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Anaerobic capacity and muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running.

Anaerobic capacity as measured by the maximal or peak oxygen deficit is greater during uphill than during horizontal running. The objective of this study was to determine whether the greater peak oxygen deficit determined during uphill compared with horizontal running is related to greater muscle volume or mass activated in the lower extremity. The peak oxygen deficit in 12 subjects was determined during supramaximal treadmill running at 0 and 10% grade. Exercise-induced contrast shifts in magnetic resonance images were obtained before and after exercise and used to determine the percentage of muscle volume activated. The mean peak oxygen deficit determined for uphill running [2.96 +/- 0.63 (SD) liters or 49 +/- 6 ml/kg] was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than for horizontal running (2.45 +/- 0.51 liters or 41 +/- 7 ml/kg) by 21%. The mean percentage of muscle volume activated for uphill running [73.1 +/- 7. 4% (SD)] was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than for horizontal running (67.0 +/- 8.3%) by 9%. The differences in peak oxygen deficit (liters) between uphill and horizontal running were significantly related (y = 8.05 x 10(-4)x + 0.35; r = 0.63, SE of estimate = 0.29 liter, P < 0.05) to the differences in the active muscle volume (cm3) in the lower extremity. We conclude that the higher peak oxygen deficit during uphill compared with horizontal running is due in part to increased mass of skeletal muscle activated in the lower extremity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

In vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

We validated whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) against estimates from a four-component model to determine whether accuracy is affected by gender, race, athletic status, or musculoskeletal development in young adults. Measurements of body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by whole body DEXA were obtained in 172 young men (n = 91) and women (n = 81). Estimates of body fat (%Fat) from DEXA (%FatDEXA) were highly correlated with estimates of body fat from the four-component model [body density, total body water, and total body mineral (%Fatd,w,m); r = 0.94, standard error of the estimante (SEE) = 2.8% body mass (BM)] with no significant difference between methods [mean of the difference +/- SD of the difference = -0.4 +/- 2.9 (SD) % BM, P = 0.10] in women and men. On the basis of the comparison with %Fatd,w,m, estimates of %FatDEXA were slightly more accurate than those from body density (r = 0.91, SEE = 3.4%; mean of the difference +/- SD of the difference = -1.2 +/- 3.4% BM). Differences between %FatDEXA and %Fatd,w,m were weakly related to body thickness, as reflected by BMI (r = -0.34), and to the percentage of water in the fat-free mass (r = -0.51), but were not affected by race, athletic status, or musculoskeletal development. We conclude that body composition estimates from DEXA are accurate compared with those from a four-component model in young adults who vary in gender, race, athletic status, body size, musculoskeletal development, and body fatness.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Lower extremity muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running.

To provide more comprehensive information on the extent and pattern of muscle activation during running, we determined lower extremity muscle activation by using exercise-induced contrast shifts in magnetic resonance (MR) images during horizontal and uphill high-intensity (115% of peak oxygen uptake) running to exhaustion (2.0-3.9 min) in 12 young women. The mean percentage of muscle volume activated in the right lower extremity was significantly (P <0.05) greater during uphill (73 +/- 7%) than during horizontal (67 +/- 8%) running. The percentage of 13 individual muscles or groups activated varied from 41 to 90% during horizontal running and from 44 to 83% during uphill running. During horizontal running, the muscles or groups most activated were the adductors (90 +/- 5%), semitendinosus (86 +/- 13%), gracilis (76 +/- 20%), biceps femoris (76 +/- 12%), and semimembranosus (75 +/- 12%). During uphill running, the muscles most activated were the adductors (83 +/- 8%), biceps femoris (79 +/- 7%), gluteal group (79 +/- 11%), gastrocnemius (76 +/- 15%), and vastus group (75 +/- 13%). Compared with horizontal running, uphill running required considerably greater activation of the vastus group (23%) and soleus (14%) and less activation of the rectus femoris (29%), gracilis (18%), and semitendinosus (17%). We conclude that during high-intensity horizontal and uphill running to exhaustion, lasting 2-3 min, muscles of the lower extremity are not maximally activated, suggesting there is a limit to the extent to which additional muscle mass recruitment can be utilized to meet the demand for force and energy. Greater total muscle activation during exhaustive uphill than during horizontal running is achieved through an altered pattern of muscle activation that involves increased use of some muscles and less use of others.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacoeconomic comparison of cyclosporine oral solution and capsules after kidney transplantation.

We studied 20 kidney transplant recipients who had received Sandimmune cyclosporine A (CSA) capsules for an average of 7.9 months at a mean dose of 312 mg/day. They were switched to CSA liquid in the same dosage for an average of 15.5 months. There was no significant difference between the means for the monthly values of either serum creatinine or whole blood CSA when the periods on capsules and liquid were compared. Fourteen bottles from 4 batches with volume stated as 50 ml CSA actually contained an average of 53.7 ml. Comparison of the amount of capsules and liquid CSA prescribed and the amount dispensed by the pharmacy showed that the amount neglected (prescribed > dispensed) was similar for patients on liquid and capsules. Wastage (prescribed < dispensed) was about 5% greater when on liquid, and as our cost for liquid was 18% less than for capsules, we saved about 13% by use of the liquid.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1974

[Community care].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1973

The use of isolated cells to assess the contribution of the mucosal epithelium to the metabolism of the intestinal wall.

We have used suspensions of isolated cells to study the metabolism of the mucosal epithelium and to compare its activity with that of other tissues in the intestinal wall of guinea pig. Only 4% of the total glycolytic activity of the intestinal wall could be attributed to the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, about 76% of the activity was located in the intestinal muscle and the remaining 20% in the intervening tissue.Clearly the view that the major proportion of the glycolytic activity of the small intestine resides in the mucosal epithelium does not apply to the guinea pig. In the light of our results, it would be prudent to re-examine any conclusions about the distribution of metabolic activity throughout the gut wall if the supporting evidence has been drawn from experiments with mucosal homogenates.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1971

Studies on epithelial cells isolated from guinea pig small intestine.

Sheets of mucosal epithelial cells were released from guinea pig small intestine after incubation with ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Cells in sheets retained their columnar shape for 24 hr at room temperature, and exclusion of nigrosine suggested they had intact plasma membranes. When sheets were disaggregated individual cells had normal morphology for at least 4 hr. During isolation 16% of the total protein and 24% of the total lactic dehydrogenase were lost from the cells, but subsequent enzyme leakage was low. Leakage increased with shaking, incubation at 37 degrees C, or increasing the oxygen tension of the suspending medium, but was minimal when the Na(+):K(+) ratio in the medium was 8:1 and the osmolarity was high. Losses of particulate enzyme activities were negligible. Respiration was constant for up to 4 hr and was insensitive to calcium, bicarbonate, oxygen tension, and pH. It was inhibited by cyanide and iodoacetate and varied with the Na(+):K(+) ratio of the extracellular fluid and the structural integrity of the cells. All preparations concentrated potassium and excluded sodium, but lost this ability if ouabain was added or cells were broken. Potassium-42 uptake was also sensitive to temperature, ouabain, and structural integrity. The preparations are being used to study cell metabolism in the intestinal epithelium.

Animals↗