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Biomedical subjects

E M Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to E M Bailey.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Clinical evaluation of teicoplanin fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

A teicoplanin fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) developed by International BioClinical (IBC) was evaluated by using serum samples from patients who had been receiving teicoplanin at Detroit Receiving Hospital (DRH) as part of a clinical investigation. Patient samples collected over a 1-year span were assayed at DRH and at IBC, and the results were compared with those of a standard microbiological assay performed at Merrell Dow Research Institute, Indianapolis, Ind. The FPIA has a rapid turnaround time (circa 20 min), utilizes small sample volumes (less than 100 microliters) and is sensitive and accurate in determining concentrations in the range of 5 to 100 micrograms/ml. The intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variation for controls (7, 35, and 75 micrograms/ml) was less than or equal to 13%. Concentrations greater than 100 micrograms/ml must be diluted prior to the assay, which may introduce additional error in determination. The FPIA compared well with the bioassay (r = 0.901) for 193 clinical samples. The results obtained utilizing the FPIA system were reproducible at two different sites, as illustrated by the high degree of correlation between the results at DRH and IBC (r = 0.92). There was less than 7% interference noted when teicoplanin was assayed in the presence of other antibiotics. Patient samples stored for up to 1 year retained their potency: the mean recovery rate in these samples was 107%. The FPIA should be useful for monitoring and adjusting teicoplanin dosage regimens in patients.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial or viral meningitis? Measuring lactate in CSF can help you know quickly.

Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate is a useful test when properly applied to the appropriate clinical situation and can offer information other CSF parameters cannot provide. Except for Gram's stain of CSF, lactate level is the most important CSF parameter in the early differentiation of viral (aseptic) and bacterial purulent meningitis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

Daptomycin compared with teicoplanin and vancomycin for therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.

The efficacies of daptomycin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin were compared in the therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Rabbits infected with either of two methicillin-susceptible strains (SA-12871 or its moderately teicoplanin-resistant derivative SA-12873) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain (MRSA-494) were treated with daptomycin, 8 mg/kg of body weight, every 8 h; teicoplanin, 12.5 mg/kg (low-dose teicoplanin [teicoplanin-LD], excluding MRSA-494) or 40 mg/kg (high-dose teicoplanin [teicoplanin-HD]) every 12 h; or vancomycin, 17.5 mg/kg every 6 h, for 4 days. Compared with no treatment daptomycin, teicoplamin-HD, and vancomycin significantly reduced bacterial counts of all test strains in vegetations and renal and splenic tissues (P less than 0.001). Teicoplanin-LD was equally effective against SA-12871 but failed against SA-12873, with three of six animals still being bacteremic at the end of therapy. For SA-12871, daptomycin was as effective as teicoplanin-HD and was superior to teicoplanin-LD and vancomycin (P = 0.02) in lowering vegetation bacterial counts. There were no differences between daptomycin, teicoplanin-HD, or vancomycin in the reduction of bacterial counts in tissues for any of the test strains. In rabbits infected with SA-12871, vegetations from 33% of teicoplanin-LD-treated, 6% of teicoplanin-HD-treated, and 13% of daptomycin-treated animals yielded organisms for which there were up to eightfold increases in the MICs. Resistance may have contributed to early death in one daptomycin-treated animal. No increases in the MICs for the test strain were detected in animals infected with SA-12873 or MRSA-494. We conclude that in this model and against these strains of S. aureus, daptomycin and teicoplanin-HD are as efficacious as vancomycin, but diminished susceptibility to both can develop during therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The triazole antifungal agents: a review of itraconazole and fluconazole.

Fluconazole and itraconazole are two investigational triazole antifungal agents that are currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States. Both are active orally, have favorable pharmacokinetics (i.e., good bioavailability, long half-life, low plasma protein binding), and possess activity against several systemic fungal pathogens. In addition, preliminary information suggests that these agents are substantially less toxic than currently available azole compounds. Fluconazole and, to a lesser degree, itraconazole have been shown to be highly effective for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. The potential for drug interactions is much lower with these agents compared to drugs such as ketoconazole.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1989

The developmental toxicity of an isolate from the plant Solanum dimidiatum (potato-weed) in Syrian golden hamsters.

The developmental toxicity of an ethanol extract from Solanum dimidiatum was investigated in date-bred Syrian golden hamsters. Neural tube defects were seen in three Syrian golden hamster fetuses, from one litter out of 12, at a maternal dose of 1.52 mg of plant isolate per g of body weight. Other malformations observed were syndactyly in a single fetus, from one litter out of ten, in the 0.45 mg/g dose group and gastroschisis in a single fetus, from one litter out of nine, in the 1.01 mg/g dose group. These findings suggest minimal developmental toxicity for this plant isolate.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Enoxacin: a new fluoroquinolone.

The chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions of enoxacin are reviewed. Enoxacin is a new fluoroquinolone compound structurally related to nalidixic acid. Its antimicrobial spectrum and activity are comparable to those of the fluoroquinolones norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, but like the other fluoroquinolones it is less active against gram-positive micro-organisms. Anaerobic organisms are generally resistant to enoxacin. It is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed after oral administration and is distributed widely in body fluids and tissues. The drug is predominantly excreted via the kidney, with a relatively long serum elimination half-life of approximately five hours. Serum and urinary concentration of enoxacin exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations for most gram-negative and many gram-positive pathogens. Clinical trials have shown enoxacin to be effective for the treatment of gonorrhea, cystitis, complicated urinary-tract infections, and skin and skin structure infections. There is some evidence that enoxacin may be useful for treatment of lower-respiratory-tract infections and ear, nose, and throat infections. The most commonly reported adverse effects are mild gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms. Concomitant enoxacin and theophylline therapy has been associated with toxic serum concentrations of theophylline. Interactions have also been reported with caffeine, antacids, cimetidine, warfarin, and fenbufen. Enoxacin (Comprecin, Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert) will be available in 200-, 300-, and 400-mg tablets for oral administration. Enoxacin is usually taken twice daily. A single 400-mg dose is effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea. Since enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin have many similar properties, formulary decisions involving these agents should be based on the individual institution's need to treat certain types of infections and pathogenic organisms. Enoxacin has been shown to be an effective agent for the treatment of urinary-tract, genital-tract, and skin and soft-tissue infections, including those that currently require injectable antimicrobial agents or that are resistant to conventional therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A high performance liquid chromatography method for the detection of brodifacoum in serum.

A procedure for the detection of brodifacoum (BDF) in serum was developed. Extraction of BDF was achieved by acidification of 2 ml of serum with 1 ml of 1.5% acetic acid followed by dual extractions with 10 ml diethyl ether and ether: acetonitrile [1:1]. In spiking experiments, 68 +/- 3, 61 +/- 4 and 65 +/- 5% of added BDF was recovered from serum containing 1000, 100 and 25 ng BDF/ml, respectively. Two high performance liquid chromatography solvent systems were used for chromatographic separation (A: 1.5% acetic acid, pH 4.5: acetonitrile [1:2] with 1% dibutylamine; and B:O.2 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, pH 7.5:acetonitrile [1:3]). Detection limits were 75 and 3 ng BDF/ml of serum using ultraviolet absorption (254 nm) and fluorescence measurement (313 nm excitation, 375 nm emission), respectively. This method has been used successfully to monitor serum concentrations of BDF in experimental and field cases of exposure.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1988

Experimentally induced photosensitization in cattle with Cooperia pedunculata.

Photosensitization was induced in 2 Charolais heifers following administration of a mixture of air-dried, ground, green (75%) and dead (25%) leaves of the south Texas forb, Cooperia pedunculata, and subsequent exposure to sunlight. Plant material used in this study was collected from a pasture where natural cases of primary bovine photosensitization were occurring. Signs of photosensitization were observed in one heifer after 2 doses of plant material--10 g/kg on day 1 and 5 g/kg on day 2. Continued administration of plant material at 5 g/kg/d on days 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 resulted in severe signs and lesions of photosensitization and death on day 23. A second heifer developed signs of mild photosensitization following administration of plant material at 1.7 g/kg/d for 4 days. This heifer recovered by day 18. Clinical and pathologic findings of this trial were consistent with the primary form of photosensitization observed in natural cases seen in cattle of south Texas exposed to this plant.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) poisoning in sheep.

Twenty-four lambs grazing pastures of Panicum coloratum developed photosensitization secondary to hepatic dysfunction. Lesions were necrosis of scattered hepatocytes, obstruction of small bile ducts and bile canaliculi by small aggregates of birefringent crystals, and accumulation of birefringent crystals in phagocytes within sinusoids. The number of crystals in livers of affected sheep varied, depending on the amount of time of exposure to toxic plants and severity of hepatic abnormalities. Crystals in the liver were soluble in acidified ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, pyridine, chloral hydrate, and methanol, but not in xylene, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, acetone, water, or cold ethyl alcohol. Crystals were not stained by oil red O. There was necrosis of epithelial cells in renal distal convoluted tubules, papillary muscles of the heart, and the adrenal cortex. Lesions of Panicum coloratum-associated disease are similar to those associated with photosensitization induced by Tribulus terrestris, Agave lecheguilla, and Nolina texana.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1987

Photosensitization of cattle in southeast Texas: identification of phototoxic activity associated with Cooperia pedunculata.

A microbiological assay (Candida albicans) was used to screen plants in southeast Texas where bovine photosensitization (PS) of unknown cause was a recurring problem. Phototoxic activity was identified associated with dead leaf tips of Cooperia pedunculata, a native, perennial forb of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) from central, southeast, and south Texas and parts of Mexico. A syndrome compatible with naturally occurring PS in cattle was induced in laboratory mice after oral administration of dead leaf material from C pedunculata. Availability and phototoxic activity of dead leaf material of C pedunculata corresponded with occurrence of PS in cattle. Seemingly, C pedunculata was involved in recurring PS.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Formaldehyde: toxicology and hazards.

The widespread use of formaldehyde-based resins had led to the observation of consumer annoyance and health problems associated with its release. Formaldehyde vapor now is known to off-gas from many of these products. Vapor exposure of humans results in symptoms of eye and upper respiratory tract irritation. Inhaled formaldehyde also produces nasal carcinomas in rats and mice (following exposure to 14.1 ppm in mice and 5.6 ppm in rats for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 24 mo). These findings resulted in intensified concern over the amount of formaldehyde released into the indoor environment from various laboratory and consumer products.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1985

The role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of copper-induced hepatotoxicity: morphological studies.

Copper-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in beige and conventional mice which were injected intraperitoneally with aqueous copper chloride (8 mg per kg body weight per day). Hepatic lesions developed more quickly and were more severe in beige mice and consisted of karyomegaly, progressive accumulation of lipofuscin within hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, acute necrosis of random hepatocytes, and aggregation of leukocytes within the sinusoids. In both groups of mice the hepatic lesion had a centrilobular distribution and closely paralleled the appearance and distribution of copper within hepatocytes. Overall, beige mice had more severe copper-mediated hepatotoxicity, suggesting that normal lysosomes have protective effects for hepatocytes by sequestering copper from other cytoplasmic constituents.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The influence of multiple liver biopsies on hematologic and serum biochemical values of sheep.

A rapid, simple liver biopsy technique for sheep was developed to obtain in situ liver samples for evaluation of histological tissue, enzyme assay, and ultrastructural changes that might occur during toxicological testing. The study was designed because repeated biopsies in the same individual could induce bias in hematologic, histological or serum biochemical parameters caused by the trauma of the biopsy procedure. In Experiment I, sheep were divided into a biopsied group (B), sham-operated group (SO), and a nonsurgical, untreated control group (C). Three liver biopsy samples per week were removed from each subject in Group B for five weeks. Biweekly blood samples were drawn for evaluation of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters. In Experiment II, Groups B and SO were dosed with CCl4 in order to validate the applicability of the biopsy procedure. Weekly biopsies were continued in Group B. Biweekly blood samples were evaluated for any hematologic or serum biochemical variations. Significant elevations of enzyme activities confirmed CCl4 hepatotoxicity in treated groups (B and SO) versus C group. Histological lesions in biopsy samples correlated closely with serum biochemical data in treated groups. It was concluded that the serial liver biopsy procedure causes negligible alterations in the hematologic, histological or serum biochemical parameters measured; is simple and rapid to perform, and provides a method for possible early detection of liver disease.

Animals↗