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Biomedical subjects

E Laurikainen

Publications and source records attributed to E Laurikainen.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Sleep apnea syndrome in children--secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy?

In this study we investigated the relationship between the size of adenoids and/or tonsils and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in 19 children aged 3 to 7 years. After clinical examination by an ENT specialist, electrocardiogram (ECG), vectorcardiogram (VCG) and echocardiogram (EC) were performed while the patients were awake, and static charge sensitive bed (SCSB) method recording (noninvasive monitoring of ballistocardiogram, respiration and body movements) while asleep. After adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy, the volume of the tonsils and the adenoids was determined. RVH was found in 4 out of 19 children (21%). RVH findings correlated highly with the number of apneas but, surprisingly, not with measured adenotonsillar size in those children. However, at 6 months of follow-up, the VCG and EC changes had returned to normal. These results suggest that RVH is more common in children suffering from upper airway obstruction than previously believed, and that factors other than adenotonsillar size also have an influence on upper airway obstruction.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1990

The effects of hypoxic hypoxia on brain stem mediated stapedial reflex in healthy volunteers.

The stapedial reflex is routinely used both in hearing evaluation and to distinguish cochlear from retrocochlear lesions. The present study was carried out on seven healthy volunteers in the hope of obtaining basic information about the physiological variables of stapedial reflex using hypoxic hypoxia. The results show that a short-term hypoxic hypoxia affects, for the most part, the muscle contraction velocity and the amplitude of the reflex, whereas the latency remains unchanged. This finding indicates that the arterial O2-saturation may have an influence when studying the effects of breathing depressive drugs or in patients with decreased ventilation capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Coincidental radiographic findings in severe external otitis in nonimmunocompromised patients.

We present the cases of 3 previously healthy patients who became ill with a very sudden and painful external otitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the acute stage, diagnosis was difficult in all these patients because of marked periauricular swelling and radiological mastoiditis. The latter sign has not been reported earlier in association with external otitis in nonimmunocompromised patients. All patients made a full recovery with appropriate treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Electronystagmographic findings and recovery of cochlear and vestibular function in patients suffering from sudden deafness with a special reference to the effect of anticoagulation.

The study included 80 patients treated for sudden deafness over the last 5-7 years. Case history, laboratory findings, pure-tone audiogram and electronystagmography (ENG) findings were noted. If any abnormalities had been recorded in ENG studies, the studies were redone. ORL status was redefined and audiograms were obtained in all patients. When becoming ill, the 80 patients had not differed from the normal population in common cardiovascular risk factors. None of them had had signs of viral infection (paired serum samples had been taken at 2-week intervals; routine examinations had been done for common viral antigens). As many as 31 of the 80 patients with acute hearing loss had had abnormalities such as spontaneous nystagmus (PN), hypoexcitability (HE) and directional preponderance (DP) in the bithermal caloric tests (+44 degrees C, + 30 degrees C) of their ENG studies. Twenty of the 31 patients still had abnormal ENG studies after 5-7 years. Only 1 subject had positional nystagmus, and none had subjective vertigo. Patients with an abnormal ENG study showed a poor recovery of the speech reception threshold, whereas those with a normal ENG study showed slightly significant (p less than 0.05) recovery.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Effects of a beta-blocking agent, timolol maleate, on saliva in healthy volunteers.

The effects of timolol maleate on the secretion and composition of human saliva were studied in vivo. Eight healthy volunteers received orally 10 mg timolol maleate. Stimulated parotid saliva samples, resting whole saliva samples, and blood samples were collected immediately before and four times after the drug intake at intervals of 1 h. The levels of total protein, lysozyme, IgA, IgG and IgM, salivary peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, amylase, thiocyanate (SCN-), and hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) were analyzed from saliva samples. Drug levels were measured both from parotid saliva and blood samples. Results were compared to the analyses of the samples collected in a similar way but without administration of any drugs. Decreased levels of total protein, lactoferrin, amylase, and salivary peroxidase were observed in parotid saliva after a single oral dose of timolol maleate. No such decrease was found in lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, SCN-, OSCN-, or immunoglobulins. Salivary flow rate was not significantly changed after drug intake. The results suggest that the beta-blocking drug may cause qualitative changes in the composition of saliva by inhibiting the synthesis and/or release of acinar proteins.

Amylases↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of the systemic anticholinergic activity of nasally administered ipratropium bromide.

Plasma concentrations of nasally inhaled ipratropium bromide were analyzed in eight healthy volunteers by using a sensitive radioreceptor assay (RRA). The rate of saliva secretion, heart rate and changes in visual accommodation were quantitated in order to measure possible systemic anticholinergic drug effects. 240 micrograms of ipratropium bromide (40 micrograms each nostril, repeated twice at 15 min intervals) were inhaled nasally in a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled experiment. Ipratropium bromide absorbed fast, and peak plasma concentrations of the drug (257 +/- 55 pg/ml) were detected as soon as 5 min after the last inhalation (at 35 min from the beginning). The plasma levels of ipratropium bromide decreased rapidly, being only 86 +/- 7 pg/ml one hour after the last inhalation. These low concentrations of ipratropium bromide indicate that only a small portion of it absorbs after nasal application, which is consistent with the lack of any systemic anticholinergic drug effects in our subjects. It is concluded that nasally applied ipratropium bromide is not likely to cause systemic anticholinergic side-effects, even in doses exceeding the therapeutic recommendations.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

The effect of flunitrazepam on acoustic reflex--a methodological pilot study.

Four healthy volunteers took part in this study in four sessions at one week intervals minimum. Three intravenous dose levels of flunitrazepam as well as placebo (saline) were investigated. The sessions were randomized and the study was double blind. The results show that a significant correlation exists between the serum concentrations of flunitrazepam and acoustic reflex amplitude, latency, Maddox wing readings and subjective sedation. Critical flicker fusion frequency test was insensitive in this respect. We conclude that acoustic reflex may be a new method for determination of benzodiazepine effects in man.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1987

Radiological parameters of the bony nasopharynx and the adenotonsillar size compared with sleep apnea episodes in children.

The role of enlarged adenoids and tonsils in recurrent respiratory infections and upper airway obstruction has become well-established earlier. In this study we investigated the relationship between the X-ray properties of the nasopharynx and the sleep quality by using a new sleep registration method: The Static Charge Sensitive Bed (SCSB). The estimation of the bony nasopharyngeal dimensions, the measurement of adenotonsillar volume and the sleep recordings were performed as adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy in hospitalized children. A surprisingly high frequency of sleep apnea episodes was found in sleep recordings of about 8 h. No correlations could be established between the X-ray anatomical estimates and sleep apnea episodes.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1987

Hypokalaemia and other non-bronchial effects of inhaled fenoterol and salbutamol: a placebo-controlled dose-response study in healthy volunteers.

1. The hypokalaemia-inducing effects of two widely used inhaled antiasthmatic beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists, fenoterol and salbutamol, were compared in six healthy male volunteers. 2. Each drug was administered in three different doses, 400, 600 and 800 micrograms, which were repeated three times with 30 min intervals (total doses 1200, 1800 and 2400 micrograms in 1 h). The treatments were given at 1 week intervals in random order in a single-blind fashion. 3. The concentration of potassium in plasma was dose-dependently reduced by both drugs with peak effects 75-90 min after the first inhalations. The hypokalaemic effect of fenoterol was significantly greater than that of equal doses of salbutamol (average +/- s.d. reductions of 1.13 +/- 0.32 and 0.67 +/- 0.25 mEq l-1, respectively, after the highest doses, P less than 0.05). Concomitantly, decreases were noted in the amplitude of the T-wave on the ECG. 4. The concentration of cyclic AMP in plasma was measured and used as an indicator of systemic beta 2-adrenoceptor agonistic effects of the drugs. Increases in cAMP were a close mirror image of the drugs' effects on potassium in plasma. 5. Plasma renin activity, noradrenaline in plasma and heart rate were also dose-dependently increased by the treatments, whereas blood pressure remained unaltered. 6. While the clinical significance of hypokalaemia induced by inhaled beta 2-adrenoceptor sympathomimetics still is a matter of debate, our results point to possible differences between therapeutically equipotent doses of fenoterol and salbutamol in their propensity to cause hypokalaemia and other acute non-bronchial effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1985

Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of lidocaine and its two desethylated metabolites after spinal anaesthesia using lidocaine or lidocaine with phenylephrine.

In 13 patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection under spinal anaesthesia with heavy lidocaine or with heavy lidocaine plus phenylephrine hydrochloride, the serum concentrations of lidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide and their renal excretion were measured with a HPLC method. Seven patients were given lidocaine alone 1.25 mg/kg and six lidocaine 1.25 mg/kg mixed with phenylephrine hydrochloride 3 mg. There was no significant difference between the two groups either in the serum levels of lidocaine or in the renal excretion rate of lidocaine and its metabolites. This finding gives support to the opinion that phenylephrine in low doses has no prolonging effect on spinal anaesthesia performed with heavy lidocaine.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Optimum dosage of lidocaine.

Lidocaine dosage recommendations vary widely. Severe heart failure adds to risk factors when attempting to reach the optimal therapeutic blood level. Fifty-two coronary care unit (CCU) patients, who were treated with lidocaine infusion after an initial bolus injection of 100 mg, were randomly selected for the study. Blood samples were drawn at 2, 6 and 18 h. The material was divided into four groups according to infusion rates: Group A (n = 15) 4 mg/min for 3 h and then 3 mg/min for 15 h, Group B (n = 10) 4 mg/min for 3 h and then 2 mg/min for 15 h, Group C (n = 9) 2 mg/min for 18 h and Group D (n = 18) according to clinical situation by a mean rate of 3.3 mg/min for 2 h, 2.5 mg/min for 4 h and 2.15 mg/min for 12 h. The mean serum lidocaine concentrations were in optimum therapeutic range of 2-4 mg/l in Groups A, B and D at every sampling time point. Percentage of the patients whose lidocaine concentrations at each sampling time were within the optimum range as follows: Group A 72, 67 and 52, Group B 70, 70 and 56%, Group C 0, 38 and 63% and Group D 38, 38 and 30%. Our material indicates that the optimal lidocaine infusion rate for CCU patients should be as in Group B.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Penetration of lidocaine and its active desethylated metabolite into cerebrospinal fluid in man.

Penetration into lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of lidocaine and its active desethylated metabolite, monoethylglycinxylidide (MEGX), has been studied in 10 neurological patients after a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg prior to lumbar puncture. An HPLC method was used to assay lidocaine, MEGX and glycinxylidide (GX) in serum and CSF. The serum protein unbound fraction of lidocaine was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The mean peak serum lidocaine concentration was found 25 minutes after injection, and the corresponding peak CSF level occurred after 70 min. A similar slow penetration of MEGX into CSF was observed, which indicates low membrane permeability for these two agents. No GX was found. The steadily increasing CSF lidocaine/serum total lidocaine ratio throughout the period of study up to 120 min and the higher level in CSF than the corresponding unbound fraction of the total serum lidocaine indicate that serum protein binding is not the sole determinant of the penetration of lidocaine into lumbar CSF. Rapid accumulation in brain tissue and diffusion back into cerebral extracellular fluid and to lumbar CSF may also occur. The apparent slow membrane penetration of lidocaine and its desethylated metabolite may be one reason for the difficulty of controlling lidocaine infusion rates according to therapeutic effectiveness and side-effects.

Adult↗