Are evolutionarily entrenched phenotypes highly constrained developmentally? We explored this question in the case of the uniramous appendages of fruit flies. We created bi- and polyramous antenna/leg combinations in four different genotypes. Each genotype consisted of two relevant mutations. We suggest that not all entrenched characters are strongly constrained by developmental processes and that there exists sufficient natural genetic variation to alter highly conserved phenotypes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon in two athletes.

Dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon occurred in an 18-year-old man and in a 36-year-old woman during running activities. Several years earlier both patients had suffered minor injuries to the affected ankle. The mechanism of the current injury was dorsal flexion and inversion of the foot. Suturing the flexor retinaculum to the posterior margin of the medial malleolus obtained good results in both cases. Dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon is rare, but should be considered in athletes with even minor traumas to the foot accompanied by pain on the inside of the ankle.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pes anserinus and iliotibial band transfer for anterior cruciate insufficiency.

Twenty-one patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency were treated with a combined iliotibial band (Ellison) and pes anserinus (Slocum-Larson) transfer procedure. Preoperatively, the most prominent instabilities were drawer laxity in 16 patients and anteromedial rotation in 5 patients. After a median of 34 months of followup, 15 patients were absolutely satisfied with the result, 2 were fairly satisfied, and 4 were not satisfied at all, including 2 patients who had been reoperated. All of the patients with unsatifactory results had a pivot shift and a positive Slocum test. Intraarticular derangements had no influence on the results. At followup, 14 patients demonstrated an anteromedial rotatory instability, indicating that the lateral stabilization procedure acted better than the medial one. Only a few patients returned to their preinjury levels of sports activity. Compared with other extraarticular procedures in the literature, the results were quite similar. The operative procedures used in this study cannot be recommended in cases with combined instabilities of the knee.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Repair of ligaments of the human knee using carbon fibers].

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Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Results of conservative treatment of patellar dislocations.

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Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Conservative treatment of patellar dislocations. Influence of evident factors on the tendency to redislocation and the therapeutic result.

The factors predisposing to recurrent dislocation and the results of conservative treatment were investigated in 79 cases of patellar dislocation. Patella alta and subluxation were significantly more common in patients without than in those with a history of injury. No single predisposing factor caused more redislocation than any other. The tendency to redislocation was significantly greater in patients younger than 20 years of age than in those older than 20 years of age at the time of primary dislocation. Corroborating reports in a large literature on the disorder, the present experience validates conservative management for primary dislocations and surgical treatment for redislocations of the patella.

Adolescent↗