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Biomedical subjects

E L Williams

Publications and source records attributed to E L Williams.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

wing blister, a new Drosophila laminin alpha chain required for cell adhesion and migration during embryonic and imaginal development.

We report the molecular and functional characterization of a new alpha chain of laminin in Drosophila. The new laminin chain appears to be the Drosophila counterpart of both vertebrate alpha2 (also called merosin) and alpha1 chains, with a slightly higher degree of homology to alpha2, suggesting that this chain is an ancestral version of both alpha1 and alpha2 chains. During embryogenesis, the protein is associated with basement membranes of the digestive system and muscle attachment sites, and during larval stage it is found in a specific pattern in wing and eye discs. The gene is assigned to a locus called wing blister (wb), which is essential for embryonic viability. Embryonic phenotypes include twisted germbands and fewer pericardial cells, resulting in gaps in the presumptive heart and tracheal trunks, and myotubes detached from their target muscle attachment sites. Most phenotypes are in common with those observed in Drosophila laminin alpha3, 5 mutant embryos and many are in common with those observed in integrin mutations. Adult phenotypes show blisters in the wings in viable allelic combinations, similar to phenotypes observed in integrin genes. Mutation analysis in the eye demonstrates a function in rhabdomere organization. In summary, this new laminin alpha chain is essential for embryonic viability and is involved in processes requiring cell migration and cell adhesion.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers.

UNLABELLED: Animal studies have shown that large volumes of IV lactated Ringer's solution (LR) decrease serum osmolality, thereby increasing cerebral water. These studies have led to recommendations to limit LR to avoid cerebral edema in neurosurgical patients. Eighteen healthy human volunteers aged 20-48 yr received 50 mL/kg LR over 1 h on one occasion and 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) on another. Venous samples were taken at baseline (T1), at infusion end (T2), and 1 h after T2 (T3). Time until first urination was noted. With LR, serum osmolality decreased by 4+/-3 mOsm/kg from T1 to T2 and increased insignificantly with NS. At T3, osmolality returned almost to baseline in the LR group. Blood pH increased from T1 to T2 with LR by 0.04+/-0.04 and decreased with NS by 0.04+/-0.04. These pH changes persisted at T3. Subjective mental changes occurred only with NS. Abdominal discomfort was more common with NS. Time until first urination was longer with NS (106+/-11 min) than with LR (75+/-10 min) (P < 0.001). In healthy humans, an infusion of large volumes of LR, but not NS, transiently decreased serum osmolality, whereas acidosis associated with NS persisted and urinary output was slower with NS. IMPLICATIONS: Large volumes of lactated Ringer's solution administered to healthy humans produced small transient changes in serum osmolality. Large volumes of sodium chloride did not change osmolality but resulted in lower pH.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effect of perceived control over eating on the life satisfaction of women and men: results from a community sample.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether overweight, or perception of lack of control over eating, or both, contributed to the level of life satisfaction for women and men in a random sample of community-dwelling adults. METHOD: This study examined the effects of body mass index (BMI) and perceived control over eating on life satisfaction for women and men in a community-based sample of 1,069 women and 963 men. RESULTS: For women, both lack of perceived eating control and higher BMI were associated with less life satisfaction, and lack of control over eating was the more important predictor. For men, only lack of perceived eating control was associated with less life satisfaction. Furthermore, for both women and men, the contribution of eating control to life satisfaction was unaffected by BMI, that is, the life satisfaction of heavier people was not more affected by perceived control over eating than was the life satisfaction of lighter people. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that psychological issues related to eating and weight can affect global aspects of well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Requirements for the cytoplasmic domain of the alphaPS1, alphaPS2 and betaPS integrin subunits during Drosophila development.

The integrins are a family of transmembrane heterodimeric proteins that mediate adhesive interactions and participate in signaling across the plasma membrane. In this study we examine the functional significance of the cytoplasmic domains of the alphaPS1, alphaPS2 and betaPS subunits of the Drosophila Position Specific (PS) integrin family by analyzing the relationship between cytoplasmic domain structure and function in the context of a developing organism. By examining the ability of ssPS molecules lacking the cytoplasmic domain to rescue embryonic abnormalities associated with PS integrin loss, we find that although many embryonic events require the betaPS cytoplasmic domain, this portion of the molecule is not required for at least two processes requiring PS integrins: formation of midgut constrictions and maintaining germband integrity. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that mutant proteins affecting four highly conserved amino acid residues in the cytoplasmic tail function with different efficiencies during embryonic development, suggesting that interaction of PS integrins with cytoplasmic ligands is developmentally modulated during embryogenesis. We have also examined the ability of alphaPS1 and alphaPS2 to function without their cytoplasmic domains. By analyzing the ability of transgenes producing truncated alphaPS molecules to rescue abnormalities associated with integrin loss, we find that the cytoplasmic tail of alphaPS2 is essential for both embryonic and postembryonic processes, while this portion of alphaPS1 is not required for function in the wing and in the retina. Furthermore, temperature-shift experiments suggest roles for the alphaPS2 cytoplasmic domain in signaling events occurring in the developing wing.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Evaluating community coalitions for prevention of substance abuse: the case of Project Freedom.

In the United States alone, there are more than 2,000 community coalitions to address local concerns about abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. This article describes an evaluation system used to examine the process, outcome, and impact of coalitions for the prevention of substance abuse. The evaluation addresses five key questions: (a) Was the community mobilized to address substance abuse (Process)? (b) What changes in the community resulted from the coalition (Outcome)? (c) Is there a change in reported use of alcohol and other substances by youths (Outcome)? (d) Does the coalition have a community-level impact on substance abuse (Impact)? and (e) Is community-level impact related to changes facilitated by the coalition (Impact)? To address these and other questions, using eight core measurement instruments, the evaluation system collects 15 distinct measures. This evaluation system is illustrated with a multiyear study of Project Freedom, a substance abuse coalition in a large midwestern city.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A novel alpha integrin subunit associates with betaPS and functions in tissue morphogenesis and movement during Drosophila development.

We have identified a novel alpha integrin subunit in Drosophila, that associates with betaPS integrin. We report the temporal expression of the gene encoding this integrin subunit, which we have called alphaPS3, throughout development and the localization of its expression during embryogenesis. AlphaPS3 RNA was localized to tissues undergoing invagination, tissue movement and morphogenesis such as salivary gland, trachea, midgut, dorsal vessel, midline of the ventral nerve cord, amnioserosa and the amnioproctodeal invagination. AlphaPS3 DNA localized to the chromosomal vicinity of scab (scb), previously identified by a failure of dorsal closure. Embryos homozygous for the 119 allele of scb had no detectable alphaPS3 RNA and the 1035 allele of scb contains a P element inserted just 5' of the coding region for the shorter of the gene's two transcripts. Furthermore, mutations in the scb locus exhibit additional defects corresponding to sites of alphaPS3 transcription, including abnormal salivary glands, mislocalization of the pericardial cells and interrupted trachea. Removal of both maternal and zygotic betaPS produced similar defects, indicating that these two integrin subunits associate in vivo and function in the movement and morphogenesis of tissues during development in Drosophila. Phenotypic similarities suggest that laminin A is a potential ligand for this integrin, at least in some tissues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Ketorolac appears to decrease polyuria during intracranial surgery.

Two cases are described of patients, undergoing surgery for intracranial pathology, who developed polyuria intraoperatively. The urine output decreased to within normal range shortly after the administration of ketorolac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. The possible mechanisms producing the increased urinary output and the influence of prostaglandins on renal function are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Molecular characterization of a caprine adenovirus.

Restriction endonuclease site maps were constructed for the genome of a caprine adenovirus (GAdV), strain NC90-7261, which was isolated in 1990 from a 3-year-old goat with encephalitis. Genomic GAdV DNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases (RE). Genomic DNA libraries of GAdV were constructed by cloning BamHI and HindIII restriction fragments into a plasmid vector. Using cloned GAdV genomic fragments as probes in Southern blot hybridizations, an RE site map was constructed. The position of several clones was confirmed by limited nucleotide sequencing and the location of several RE sites was determined by single or double RE digestions of cloned fragments. The size of the GAdV genome was determined to be 28.2 kbp. The restriction pattern described in this report is different from that of other adenoviruses. Although the genomic organization of this GAdV is likely to be similar to that of other adenoviruses, the overall level of sequence similarity is low.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development.

Models of community empowerment help us understand the process of gaining influence over conditions that matter to people who share neighborhoods, workplaces, experiences, or concerns. Such frameworks can help improve collaborative partnerships for community health and development. First, we outline an interactive model of community empowerment that describes reciprocal influences between personal or group factors and environmental factors in an empowerment process. Second, we describe an iterative framework for the process of empowerment in community partnerships that includes collaborative planning, community action, community change, capacity building, and outcomes, and adaptation, renewal, and institutionalization. Third, we outline activities that are used by community leadership and support organizations to facilitate the process of community empowerment. Fourth, we present case stories of collaborative partnerships for prevention of substance abuse among adolescents to illustrate selected enabling activities. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of facilitating empowerment with collaborative partnerships for community health and development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Nipple pain.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1994

Breastfeeding initiation among a low income multiethnic population in northern California: an exploratory study.

Influences on the decision to initiate breastfeeding among low income mothers served by a suburban medical center in northern California were explored. Sixty-four mothers of children 0-24 months of age were interviewed in English or Spanish regarding their infant feeding education, breastfeeding attitudes and behavior, and social support. Fifty-nine percent reported having discussed infant feeding with a physician; these mothers were more likely to attempt breastfeeding than those who did not. Fifty-nine percent of the entire study population initiated breastfeeding. Initiation rates were highest for the Asian American group (86 percent), and lowest for Latinas (48 percent). Further research is needed regarding modifiable influences on breastfeeding initiation, including physician encouragement to breastfeed, for various ethnic groups.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1993

Changes in coronary heart disease risk factors in the 1980s: evidence of a male-female crossover effect with age.

The Stanford Five-City Project was initiated in 1978 to evaluate the effects of community-wide health education on coronary heart disease risk factors in two control (San Luis Obispo and Modesto) and two treatment (Monterey and Salinas) cities. This paper examines sex differences in the prevalence of smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension from the baseline survey in 1979-1980 through the conclusion of the intervention in 1985-1986. Four independent cross-sectional surveys (n = 1,713, 1,709, 1,848, and 1,768) and four repeated surveys of a cohort (n = 817) were conducted. This analysis presents findings separately for a younger age group (25-49 years) and an older age group (50-74 years). Smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension were more prevalent among younger men than younger women in both treatment and control cities. In general, this excess risk among younger men disappeared or reversed in the older age group. Over the 7-year study, the prevalence of hypertension and smoking decreased for both men and women in all surveys, the prevalence of hyper-cholesterolemia displayed no definite change, and male/female ratios of risk factor prevalence showed either no change or a slight decrease. This study confirms a higher prevalence of the three major risk factors for coronary heart disease among younger men, with the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and, to a lesser extent, the prevalence of smoking becoming greater among women than men in the older age group and the prevalence of hypertension becoming equivalent.

Adult↗