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Biomedical subjects

E L Diamond

Publications and source records attributed to E L Diamond.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The spectrum of anxiety disorders in family practice.

The spectrum ranges from fearful concerns about illness to clinical anxiety disorders, such as phobias, panic attacks, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder. Anxiety and fear are often associated with hospitalization, heart disease, insomnia, and somatopsychic syndromes. Determining the cause of the anxiety may help the physician plan the treatment approach. In selected cases, benzodiazepines are useful adjuncts to therapy.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1987

Estimating the prevalence of depression in family practice using variant methods.

Prevalence estimates for depression in primary care vary depending on diagnostic methods and classification criteria. The present study assessed the prevalence of depression in new, female, family practice patients using self-report and office visit data. Psychological and somatic symptoms and physician interventions were used to create classification criteria. Prevalence was higher by self-report than by physician assessment. The single checklist item "depression" appeared to yield a valid prevalence estimate. Agreement between self-report and physician recognition was low. Prevalence estimates were enhanced when single-visit patients were excluded. The findings suggest that patients who report depression by questionnaire may differ from those admitting depression to physicians; therefore, patient and physician characteristics are likely to contribute to the underrecognition of depression in primary care.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A study of a possible association between breast cancer and gallbladder disease.

Because gallstones and breast cancer were reported to have several of the same risk factors, a study was conducted in Washington County, Maryland to determine if women with breast cancer have an increased risk of prior gallbladder disease. Living white female breast cancer cases (n = 133), who were diagnosed from 1973 to 1983, were identified from the county's cancer registry and interviewed along with an equal number of sex-, race-, and age-matched controls about a history of gallbladder disease and other risk factors. Medical records were used to verify a history of gallbladder disease in interviewed cases and controls and to search for a diagnosis of gallbladder disease in 52 white female breast cancer cases who were diagnosed and died between 1974 and 1983, and 52 matched controls. No difference was found in gallbladder disease frequency among living or deceased cases and their matched controls. The results confirm the known association of several risk factors with breast cancer and with gallbladder disease, but most of the risk factors hypothesized to be the same for the two diseases were not the same. However, an unexpectedly strong association was found between gallbladder disease and history of myocardial infarction; this result deserves further study.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

A cohort mortality study of painters and allied tradesmen.

A cohort study was conducted of the membership of a large international union of painters and allied tradesmen. The union membership consisted of both painters and associated trades such as glaziers and tile and carpet layers. The study examined the mortality experience of 57 175 current and former union members in four states (California, Missouri, New York, and Texas) in the United States (US) from 1975 through 1979. No excess mortality was observed for the total union membership when compared to that of all US white males. When the study population was subdivided by the trade affiliation, members of locals comprised primarily of painters exhibited a significant elevation in mortality from all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, and stomach cancer, compared to all US white males. To reduce the impact of potential nonoccupational differences between the study population and all US white males, the data were also analyzed using the entire cohort as the standardization population. Significant elevations continued to be observed for all malignant neoplasms and lung cancer among the membership of painting locals compared to other locals. In addition there was a statistically significant difference in mortality from leukemia and cancer of the bladder observed between the groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The physician's reactions to patients with chronic pain.

Physicians may react negatively to patients with chronic pain syndrome. Feelings of frustration, anger, disapproval and uncertainty, while understandable, can compromise effective care or lead to rejection of the patient. Characteristics and attitudes of both the physician and the patient are contributing factors. Countermeasures include awareness, exploration of the causes of chronic pain behavior, implementation of specific strategies for dealing with negative reactions, and education for the patient and the physician.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1985

Long-term risk of menstrual disturbances after tubal sterilization.

We analyzed data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study to compare the menstrual characteristics of 719 women who had tubal sterilizations and 1083 women whose partners had undergone a vasectomy. Study participants were enrolled from 1968 to 1972 and followed up through 1976. The tubal sterilization group had slightly increased, though in most instances not statistically significant, risks of moderate to severe menstrual cramps and adverse menstrual bleeding. At follow-up intervals longer than 2 years, the tubal sterilization group had significantly increased risks of abnormal menstrual cycles and combinations of two or more adverse menstrual outcomes. Tubal sterilization was not associated with an increased risk of premenstrual symptoms. These findings suggest that the types of tubal sterilization procedures which were performed during the early 1970s possibly carry some increased risk of menstrual disturbances, particularly abnormal cycles, and that it may take more than 2 years for the increased risk to become apparent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Race and primary open-angle glaucoma.

A comparison of racial distributions for three groups of patients showed that 115 of 140 patients (81.6%) with open-angle glaucoma, 221 of 392 patients (56.4%) with ocular hypertension, and 1,028 of 2,109 patients (48.7%) in a random sample were black. Average age at diagnosis was significantly (P = .006) higher for whites than for blacks (69.1 years vs 63.7 years). Black patients with primary open-angle glaucoma had a significantly larger mean cup-disk ratio (P less than or equal to .002) and a higher but not significantly higher mean intraocular pressure at the time of diagnosis. Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was more frequent at the time of diagnosis in blacks (43 of 129 patients or 33.3%) than in whites (five of 27 patients or 18.5%), but this difference was not significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Genetic and environmental effects on the development of myopia in Chinese twin children.

In order to assess the relative and interactive importance of genetic and environmental components on the development of myopia in Chinese school children aged from 10 to 15 years, a population-based sample of 361 same-sexed twin pairs recruited through stratified cluster sampling was studied. Zygosity of twin pairs was determined by Mendelian traits, red cell antigen systems, and continuous dermatoglyphic characteristics; while myopia was diagnosed by both objective and subjective techniques. Studying and reading habit was obtained from cotwins and their parents through a life style questionnaire. Age-sex-adjusted concordance rate derived from multiple regression equation was used in the analysis. Conventional comparison of intrapair concordance between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins was used to assess the importance of a genetic component in the determining of myopia, and a significant genetic influence was observed. Environmental influence on myopia was evaluated through MZ cotwin method, and MZ cotwins with concordant studying and reading habits were significantly more concordant in myopia than those MZ cotwins with discordant habits. The possible effect of gene-environment interaction on myopia was explored, and concordance in myopia was found significantly associated with the interaction between zygosity and habit of studying and reading. These observations suggested that the impact of the environmental factor on the development of myopia may be influenced by genotype, and vice versa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Harassment, hostility, and type A as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity during competition.

Anger/hostility and Type A behavior have been implicated in elevated cardiovascular reactivity and disease. In the present experiment systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were monitored during conditions of competition alone or in conjunction with goal blocking or harassment. Cardiovascular reactivity was examined as a function of conditions, Type A or B pattern, and various measures of anger/hostility. Harassment elicited significantly elevated SBP and HR changes relative to goal-blocking and control conditions. Type As reliably exceeded Type Bs in magnitude of SBP change during the harassment condition only. However, exploratory analyses correlating anger/hostility measures and cardiovascular reactivity indicated that only subjects scoring high on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory showed significantly elevated SBP reactivity as a function of Type A behavior pattern, rated hostility during the A-B interview, or outward expression of anger assessed by the Framingham Anger-In vs Anger-Out Scale.

Arousal↗
PubMed1984

Genetic variance and heritability of cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese adolescent twins.

In order to estimate genetic variance and heritability of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, a total of 235 (79 male and 82 female MZ, 41 male and 33 female DZ) twin pairs, recruited from 12 junior high schools in Taipei city, were studied. Statistically significant genetic variance observed for SBP, DBP, serum cholesterol and triglycerides persisted after adjustment for age and anthropometric characteristics. However, further adjustment for dietary preference, beverage consumption, and other host and environmental factors gave different results: genetic variance of adjusted SBP and DBP was still significant, while significance was found only in males for cholesterol and in neither males nor females for triglycerides. Heritability estimates of unadjusted SBP, DBP, cholesterol and triglycerides were 0.27, 0.45, 0.21 and 0.41, respectively, for males, and 0.15, 0.42, 0.41 and 0.82, respectively, for females. After adjustment for age, anthropometric characteristics, host and environmental factors, the heritability estimates of SBP, DBP and cholesterol were 0.64, 0.72 and 0.50, respectively, for males, and 0.40, 0.60 and 0.37, respectively, for females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Environmental effects on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese adolescent monozygotic twins.

The monozygotic (MZ) cotwin control method was employed to elucidate possible environmental determinants of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A population-based twin sample of 73 male and 77 females MZ twin pairs was recruited from 12 junior high schools in Taipei city. Intrapair differences in blood pressure were negatively associated with intrapair difference in vegetable preference, attaining significance for DBP in males and SBP in females. Cholesterol was positively associated with milk consumption and preference for sweets, fried foods, meat and fish. A negative association was also observed between cholesterol and vegetable preference. These associations for cholesterol were significant in males only. Triglyceride level negatively associated with preferences for sweets and vegetable, attaining significance for vegetables in both males and females and for sweets in males only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of gene-environment interactions on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese adolescent twins.

A population-based sample of 73 male and 77 female monozygotic (MZ), and 41 male and 33 female dizygotic (DZ) Chinese adolescent twin pairs were studied to assess effects of gene-environment interactions of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Intrapair concordance in BP levels was found to be significantly associated with the interaction of zygosity and salty foods preference and also with that of zygosity and vegetable preference. A consistently positive and statistically significant association was observed between the intrapair difference in serum cholesterol and the interaction of zygosity and animal organ preference; while intrapair concordance in serum cholesterol was associated with the interaction of zygosity and milk consumption. Intrapair difference in serum triglycerides was associated with the interaction of zygosity and fish preference, and a significant association was also found between the intrapair concordance in serum triglycerides and the interaction of zygosity and sweets preference. These observations suggest that the impact of these environmental agents may be influenced by the genotype.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Psychological aspects of essential blepharospasm.

Evaluation of 20 essential blepharospasm patients by using structured interview and psychological testing (MMPI, Rorschach) revealed characteristic pathological personality patterns in all cases. Recent losses or life change, marital conflict, and specific precipitating events were common. Test findings indicated unexpressed hostility, denial, and repression in a majority of women. Three of five men showed evidence of depression. This initial systematic investigation of psychological factors in blepharospasm supports the hypothesis that neurological and psychogenic factors may interact etiologically. The data suggest that personality, recent stress, and precipitating events warrant both clinical assessment and controlled research to determine the specificity and prevalence of these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Collaborative study to assess risk of lung disease in Pi MZ phenotype subjects.

We studied 143 Pi MZ heterozygous (MZ) subjects from random populations that had been examined previously for alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotype. Each Pi MZ subject was closely matched with a Pi M control subject from the same population at each of 6 centers. An expanded National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) respiratory symptom questionnaire was completed by each subject. Pulmonary function tests designed to detect established as well as early obstructive airway abnormalities were administered. Multivariate analysis of the variance of data from the questionnaire and pulmonary function tests corrected for age, race, sex, and smoking history showed no significant difference (p less than 0.05) between subjects of Pi MZ and Pi M phenotype. The size of the populations studied and number of observations made for each variable were sufficient to assure that small differences could be detected with 95% power. We conclude that MZ phenotype alone carries no greater risk of developing lung disease than M phenotype.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Socioeconomic and racial differences in lung cancer incidence.

The association of lung cancer incidence with income and education and the effect of adjustment for socioeconomic distribution on black-white differences in lung cancer rates were evaluated using data from the Third National Cancer Survey. Included in this study were 20,868 cases of lung cancer (18,514 among whites and 2354 among blacks) diagnosed among metropolitan residents of the survey during 1969-1971. Median family income and median years of education by census tract of residence were used to indicate socioeconomic group. Strong significant inverse trends between lung cancer incidence and both income and education were apparent among white and black males, and the effect of income exceeded that of education. Lung cancer rates among black males compared with white males were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) before socioeconomic adjustment, nonsignificantly higher after adjustment for education, and nonsignificantly lower after adjustment for income. Strong trends in risk with income or education were not observed for lung cancer among females of either race.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mortality in women treated for hyperthyroidism.

To evaluate the late effects of exposure to radioiodine (131I), a retrospective cohort study was conducted of women treated for hyperthyroidism at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from 1946 through 1964. Cause of death was determined in 1005 women treated with 131I and in 2141 women surgically treated. No increased risk of total mortality was observed for the 131I-treated women (relative risk = 1.0). There were no increased risks for the major causes of mortality (cancer, cardiovascular-renal disease or cerebrovascular lesions) in the 131I-treated women; in addition, there were no increased risks for site-specific cancer mortality. Several hypotheses are presented to suggest reasons for the lack of an association between 131I exposure and increased cancer mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Patterns of incidence and trends in diagnostic classification of cerebrovascular disease in Washington County, Maryland, 1969-1971 to 1974-1976.

A study was conducted to provide baseline data on patterns of cerebrovascular disease incidence in the community of Washington County, Maryland, over two time intervals--1969-1971 and 1974-1976--and to evaluate any temporal trends with regard to their possible relation to reported declines in stroke death rates. Among the statistically significant changes in incidence between 1969-1971 and 1974-1976 were a decline in the rate of cerebral thrombosis and a concomitant increase in frequency of cerebrovascular disease-unspecified, most likely a reflection of a change in diagnostic terminology. In addition, the findings of a significant decrease in incidence of cerebral hemorrhage (for all ages over 55 years and both sexes) and a non-significant decrease in incidence rates for all types combined among those in the oldest age category between the two study periods support the role of changing incidence rates in the stroke death rate decline. It is clear, however, that monitoring of this community over a longer period of time will be necessary before the validity of these trends can be established and their causes elucidated. The need for more complete recording of historical data and clinical findings on admission, as well as adherence to standardized diagnostic and classification protocols was underscored by this study.

Adult↗