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E Kocsis

Publications and source records attributed to E Kocsis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Three-dimensional distributions of elements in biological samples by energy-filtered electron tomography.

By combining electron tomography with energy-filtered electron microscopy, we have shown the feasibility of determining the three-dimensional distributions of phosphorus in biological specimens. Thin sections of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans were prepared by high-pressure freezing, freeze-substitution and plastic embedding. Images were recorded at energy losses above and below the phosphorus L2,3 edge using a post-column imaging filter operating at a beam energy of 120 keV. The unstained specimens exhibited minimal contrast in bright-field images. After it was determined that the specimen was sufficiently thin to allow two-window ratio imaging of phosphorus, pairs of pre-edge and post-edge images were acquired in series over a tilt range of +/-55 degrees at 5 degrees increments for two orthogonal tilt axes. The projected phosphorus distributions were aligned using the pre-edge images that contained inelastic contrast from colloidal gold particles deposited on the specimen surface. A reconstruction and surface rendering of the phosphorus distribution clearly revealed features 15-20 nm in diameter, which were identified as ribosomes distributed along the stacked membranes of endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm. The sensitivity of the technique was estimated at < 35 phosphorus atoms per voxel based on the known total ribosomal phosphorus content of approximately 7000 atoms. Although a high electron dose of approximately 10(7)e/nm2 was required to record two-axis tilt series, specimens were sufficiently stable to allow image alignment and tomographic reconstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits.

The sensitivity of the myocardium to ischemia and the level of protection achieved by ischemic preconditioning is shaped by the joint influence of several mechanisms in diabetes mellitus. In vivo studies were made in alloxan diabetic and non-diabetic control rabbits to assess if the effects of preconditioning and sulfonylurea pretreatment with either glibenclamide or glimepiride (0.05-0.2-0.6 micromol kg (-1)) influence the extent of the infarcted area caused by one hour ligature of the left coronary artery. For our study, we defined preconditioning as 2 minutes of ischemia followed by 2 minutes of reperfusion, which was repeated 3 times. The interrelationship of the diabetic pathophysiological state, and sulfonylurea treatment during ischemic preconditioning were studied by comparing the infarcted areas and the rate of infarction to risk areas in left ventricular slices using computer planimetry. In healthy control rabbits preconditioning reduced infarcted area (29.6 +/- 3.0% vs. 48.8 +/- 2.8% p < 0.0005), while in diabetic rabbits this protection did not occur (53.3 +/- 7.3% vs. 56.6 +/- 4.4% NS). Glibenclamide in all of applied doses prevented the protective effect in control animals (infarction/ risk area: HP: 0.47 +/- 0.04 vs. HP Glib-0.05 : 0.69+/-0.06 p< 0.004 vs. HP Glib-0.2 : 0.72+/-0.09 p< 0.002 vs. HP Glib-0.6 : 0.75 +/- 0.04 p< 0.001). In contrast, in diabetic rabbits low dose of glibenclamide contributed to the same development of preconditioning. However the highest dose of glibenclamide (infarction/risk area: DP Glib-0.6 : 0.77 +/- 0.17 vs. DP Glib-0.05 : 0.55 < 0.03 p < 0.047) and the consequences of the diabetic state blocked the salutary effect. Glimepiride had no considerable influence on the protective effect, either in control nor in diabetic animals. Glibenclamide and glimepiride, presumably due to their different sulfonylurea receptor affinity in the heart, resulted in different influence on preconditioning in healthy control animals. Glibenclamide treatment seemed to be more harmful when less K (+)ATP channels were activated. The accomplishment of myocardial preconditioning in diabetes mellitus is claimed to be determined by the interaction of both metabolically influenced K (+)ATP channel activity and the dose of sulfonylurea.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The role of knowledge about breast-feeding and infant nutrition in selecting the method of feeding].

Attitudes and believes towards primipara breast-feeding in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were examined with a questionnaire survey in 91 cases. The questionnaire included 60 true and false statements about breast-feeding which were placed on a 5-grade Likert scale by the respondents based on to what extent they agreed with the particular statement. Significant differences could be detected in the evaluation of statements between women who stopped breast-feeding before the 6th month and those who did not, according to the appraisal of the next items: 1. If a baby is breast-fed too long it will find it difficult later to detach from its mother and will be less independent. 2. The same kind of relationship can be created with the baby during feeding it from a feeding bottle as during breast-feeding. 3. The baby has to be prevented from falling asleep during breast-feeding and has to be made active again with gentle pinches. 4. If the baby falls asleep during breast-feeding, it will suckle poorly. 5. The baby can be easily made give up crying at night, if it does not get used to being taken into its mother's arms. 6. The father is excluded from the intimate relationship formed during breast-feeding. The correction of these false beliefs can extend the time of breast-feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Connexin37, not Cx40 and Cx43, is induced in vascular smooth muscle cells during coronary arteriogenesis.

W.-J. Cai, S. Koltai, E. Kocsis, D. Scholz, W. Schaper and J. Schaper. Connexin37, not Cx40 and Cx43, is Induced in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Coronary Arteriogenesis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2001) 33, 957-967. The hypothesis that an altered expression of gap junction (GJ) proteins, connexin37 (Cx37), Cx40 and Cx43 will contribute to adaptive arteriogenesis was tested in growing coronary collateral vessels (CV) of the dog heart by immunoconfocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We found that: (1) in the normal coronary system Cx37 and Cx40 were only expressed in endothelial cells (EC) from artery to capillary; (2) during collateral growth Cx37 was significantly induced in smooth muscle cells (SMC) from small-large arteries to precapillary arterioles (Ø=15 microm), while Cx40 was still only present in EC; (3) both homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of Cx37 was observed in normal vessels (NV) and growing vessels (GV); (4) in mature vessels (MV), Cx37 was downregulated, similar to NV; (5) dual immunostaining revealed an inverse correlation between expression of Cx37 and desmin in GV occurring prior to downregulation of alpha-smooth actin and calponin; (6) Cx43 was undetectable in any vascular cells, both in NV and GV; (7) GJ were not found in SMC by TEM. Our data for the first time show the profile of connexin expression in the coronary system and provide evidence for existence of GJ proteins in capillaries. It is a novel finding that an altered expression of Cx37 is characteristic of adaptive arteriogenesis in the dog heart and may be used as a marker of vascular growth. Induced Cx37 may be an early signal indicating that SMC are responding to haemodynamic changes, i.e. increased shear stress.

Actins↗
PubMed2001

[Schizophrenia and violence. Results of a comprehensive inquiry in an Austrian providence].

The question as to whether schizophrenics have an increased potential for delinquency and violent behavior has given rise to much controversy. During the past few years, a large number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a moderate but reliable relation between schizophrenic disorders and violence. In the present study, a new approach at investigation was used by evaluating the overall rate of convictions and commitments to psychiatric institutions for general delinquency, violence, and homicide among schizophrenics. The most outstanding results demonstrated that the treatment of schizophrenic offenders was only insufficiently covered by the psychiatric care system, showed the lack of compliance in the study group, and demonstrated the high significance of coexisting acute and chronic alcohol and drug abuse. The risk of delinquency and violent behavior was much higher in schizophrenics than in the general population. It is indicated, however, that mentally ill delinquents are only of minor importance within the overall group of offenders and that better preventive and therapeutic measures present opportunities for prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Altered balance between extracellular proteolysis and antiproteolysis is associated with adaptive coronary arteriogenesis.

To study the role of extracellular proteolysis and antiproteolysis during adaptive arteriogenesis (collateral vessel growth) we took 58 collaterals at various developmental stages from 14 dogs with chronic occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) by ameroid constrictor. Immunofluorescence and quantitative immunofluorescence with antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and 2 (TIMP-2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were studied with confocal microscopy. Additionally, SDS-PAGE zymography was employed. We found that in normal coronary arteries, MMP-2, MMP-9 and PAI-1 were present in all layers of the wall in small amounts. TIMP-1 was found only in smooth muscle cells. In contrast, in growing collaterals, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were 3.4-fold and 4.1-fold higher in the neointima than in the media respectively. TIMP-1 was 4.4-fold higher in the media over the growing neointima. Zymography showed MMP-2 and MMP-9 activated. PAI-1 was increased, especially in the growing neointima where it was 1.4-fold higher. In mature collaterals, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were downregulated in the neointima, 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold higher over the media. TIMP-1 was 1.4-fold increased in the neointima but PAI-1 was downregulated. Desmin and alpha-smooth muscle actin were significantly increased in the neointima compared to growing vessels. U-PA was moderately increased in growing vessels. TIMP-2 was not detectable in collaterals. We conclude that expression of MMP-2 and 9, TIMP-1 and PAI-1 showed a spatial and temporal pattern which is closely associated with the development of collateral vessels. The shift of the balance between proteolysis and antiproteolysis is regulated not only by MMPs and TIMP-1, but also by the PA-PAI system.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Hyperglycaemia alters the endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine coronary arteries.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of experimental diabetes and hyperglycaemia per se on the endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated canine coronary arteries and to analyse the possible involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the alterations induced by hyperglycaemia. Rings from the left anterior descending coronary arteries of 18 metabolically healthy, six alloxan-diabetic and six insulin-treated alloxan diabetic dogs were set up for isometric tension recording. Diabetic coronaries as well as healthy vessels subjected to in vitro hyperglycaemia (25.5 mmol L-1 glucose) showed impaired (P < 0.05) relaxation to acetylcholine (3 nmol L-1-10 micromol L-1) compared with normoglycaemic, i.e. metabolically healthy and insulin-treated diabetic controls, either before or after indomethacin (3 micromol L-1) administration. The maximal dilation elicited by acetylcholine was further decreased (P < 0.05) by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor in the diabetic coronaries only. Relaxation to sodium nitroprusside did not differ among groups. These results suggest that hyperglycaemia may result in impaired endothelium-dependent dilation of coronary arteries. Diminished relaxation of diabetic coronaries is worsened by the inhibition of the synthesis of vasodilator cyclooxygenase products.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1999

Structure of the Ni/Fe-S protein subcomponent of the acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex from Methanosarcina thermophila at 26-A resolution.

The acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase (ACDS) complex is responsible for synthesis and cleavage of acetyl-CoA in methanogens. The complex is composed of five different subunits, with a probable stoichiometry of alpha(8)beta(8)gamma(8)delta(8)epsilon(8). The native molecular mass of a subcomponent of the ACDS complex from Methanosarcina thermophila, the Ni/Fe-S protein containing the 90-kDa alpha and 19-kDa epsilon subunits, was determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy. A value of 218.6 +/- 19.6 kDa (n = 566) was obtained, thus establishing that the oligomeric structure of this subcomponent is alpha(2)epsilon(2). The three-dimensional structure of alpha(2)epsilon(2) was determined at 26-A resolution by analysis of a large number of electron microscopic images of negatively stained, randomly oriented particles. The alpha(2)epsilon(2) subcomponent has a globular appearance, 110 A in diameter, and consists of two large, hemisphere-like masses that surround a hollow internal cavity. The two large masses are connected along one face by a bridge-like structure and have relatively less protein density joining them at other positions. The internal cavity has four main openings to the outside, one of which is directly adjacent to the bridge. The results are consistent with a structure in which the large hemispheric masses are assigned to the two alpha subunits, with epsilon(2) as the bridge forming a structural link between them. The structure of the alpha(2)epsilon(2) subcomponent is discussed in connection with biochemical data from gel filtration, crosslinking, and dissociation experiments and in the context of its function as a major component of the ACDS complex.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1998

At sixes and sevens: characterization of the symmetry mismatch of the ClpAP chaperone-assisted protease.

ClpAP, a typical energy-dependent protease, consists of a proteolytic component (ClpP) and a chaperone-like ATPase (ClpA). ClpP is composed of two apposed heptameric rings, whereas in the presence of ATP or ATPgammaS, ClpA is a single hexameric ring. Formation of ClpAP complexes involves a symmetry mismatch as sixfold ClpA stacks axially on one or both faces of sevenfold ClpP. We have analyzed these structures by cryo-electron microscopy. Our three-dimensional reconstruction of ClpA at 29-A resolution shows the monomer to be composed of two domains of similar size that, in the hexamer, form two tiers enclosing a large cavity. Cylindrical reconstruction of ClpAP reveals three compartments: the digestion chamber inside ClpP; a compartment between ClpP and ClpA; and the cavity inside ClpA. They are connected axially via narrow apertures, implying that substrate proteins should be unfolded to allow translocation into the digestion chamber. The cavity inside ClpA is structurally comparable to the "Anfinsen cage" of other chaperones and may play a role in the unfolding of substrates. A geometrical description of the symmetry mismatch was obtained by using our model of ClpA and the crystal structure of ClpP (Wang et al., 1997, Cell 91, 447-456) to identify the particular side views presented by both molecules in individual complexes. The interaction is characterized by a key pair of subunits, one of each protein. A small turn (8.6(o) = 2pi/42; equivalent to a 4-A shift) would transfer the key interaction to another pair of subunits. We propose that nucleotide hydrolysis results in rotation, facilitating the processive digestion of substrate proteins.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1997

Multiple conformational states of the bacteriophage T4 capsid surface lattice induced when expansion occurs without prior cleavage.

The maturation pathway of bacteriophage T4 capsid provides a model system for the study of largescale conformational changes, in that the precursor capsid progresses through four long-lived and widely differing states. The surface lattice first assembled (uncleaved/unexpanded state: hexagonal lattice constant, a = 11.8 nm) undergoes proteolytic cleavage (cleaved/unexpanded state), then expands (cleaved/ expanded state: a = 14.0 nm), and then binds accessory proteins. The most profound change, expansion, normally follows cleavage of the major capsid protein gp23 to gp23* (the 65-residue N-terminal "delta-domain" is removed), but can be induced in vitro in the absence of cleavage by treatment with 0.25 M guanidine-HCl (uncleaved/expanded state). We have studied this alternative pathway by negative staining electron microscopy of polyheads (tubular capsid variants). We find that uncleaved/expanded polyheads encompass four discrete states, called G1-G4, distinguished by their lattice constants of 12.6 nm (G1), 13.4 nm (G2), and 14.0 nm (G3, G4) and by the structures of their hexameric capsomers. Viewed in projection, the G4 capsomer differs from the cleaved/ expanded capsomer only in the presence of additional mass at one site per protomer. This mass correlates with the presence of the delta-domain, which translocates from the inner to the outer surface when the uncleaved lattice expands. Based on proximity of resemblance among these capsomers, we suggest that G1 to G4 represent a sequence of transitional states whose endpoint is G4. G1, G2, and G3 may correspond to intermediates that are too short-lived to be observed when the cleaved lattice expands, but are trapped by the retention of delta-domains at the interfaces between subunits in the uncleaved lattice.

Bacteriophage T4↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of coronary endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of diabetes on the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the coronary arterial bed. METHODS: The effects of acetylcholine (ACh 2-36 pmol.kg-1; 18 nmol.1(-1)-9.8 mumol.1(-1); 0.1-10 mumol.1(-1), L-arginine (1 mmol.1(-1) and sodium nitroprusside (1 nmol.1(-1)-100 mumol.1(-1)) were measured on coronary conductivity, vascular tone and cGMP release (RIA) in healthy and diabetic dogs. RESULTS: ACh-mediated (in cumulative intra-arterial infusion) increase in coronary conductivity was reduced (P < 0.01) in the diabetic dogs in vivo, whereas no increase in cGMP release was observed in isolated diabetic coronaries (P < 0.05) which could not be enhanced by L-arginine (P < 0.05). Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase after 20 min further impaired (P < 0.01) responsiveness to ACh in vivo and diminished the ACh response in isolated coronary strips of the diabetic dogs, but not in those of the controls. Relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside was not altered by diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Diminished vasodilation in diabetes is due to a defect in endothelial nitric oxide production and action. Vasodilating prostanoids do not sufficiently compensate this defect.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1996

Six-fold rotational symmetry of ClpQ, the E. coli homolog of the 20S proteasome, and its ATP-dependent activator, ClpY.

ClpQ (HslV) is a homolog of the beta-subunits of the 20S proteasome. In E. coli, it is expressed from an operon that also encodes ClpY (HslU), an ATPase homologous to the protease chaperone, ClpX. ClpQ (subunit Mr 19,000) and ClpY (subunit Mr 49,000) were purified separately as oligomeric proteins with molecular weights of approximately 220,000 and approximately 350,000, respectively, estimated by gel filtration. Mixtures of ClpY and ClpQ displayed ATP-dependent proteolytic activity against casein, and a complex of the two proteins was isolated by gel filtration in the presence of ATP. Image processing of negatively stained electron micrographs revealed strong six-fold rotational symmetry for both ClpY and ClpQ, suggesting that the subunits of both proteins are arranged in hexagonal rings. The molecular weight of ClpQ combined with its symmetry is consistent with a double hexameric ring, whereas the data on ClpY suggest only one such ring. The symmetry mismatch previously observed between hexameric ClpA and heptameric ClpP in the related ClpAP protease is apparently not reproduced in the symmetry-matched ClpYQ system.

ATP-Dependent Proteases↗
PubMed1995

Homology in structural organization between E. coli ClpAP protease and the eukaryotic 26 S proteasome.

Energy-dependent protein degradation is carried out by large multimeric protein complexes such as the proteasomes of eukaryotic and archaeal cells and the ATP-dependent proteases of eubacterial cells. Clp protease, a major multicomponent protease of Escherichia coli, consists of a proteolytic component, ClpP, in association with an ATP-hydrolyzing, chaperonin-like component, ClpA. To provide a structural basis for understanding the regulation and mechanism of action of Clp protease, we have used negative staining electron microscopy and image analysis to examine ClpA and ClpP separately, as well as active ClpAP complexes. Digitized images of ClpP and ClpA were analyzed using a novel algorithm designed to detect rotational symmetries. ClpP is composed of two rings of seven subunits superimposed in bipolar fashion along the axis of rotational symmetry. This structure is similar to that formed by the beta subunits of the eukaryotic and archaeal proteasomes. In the presence of MgATP, ClpA forms an oligomer with 6-fold symmetry when viewed en face. Side views of ClpA indicate that the subunits are bilobed with the respective domains forming two stacked rings. ClpAP complexes contain a tetradecamer of ClpP flanked at one or both ends with a hexamer of ClpA, resulting in a symmetry mismatch between the axially aligned molecules. Our findings demonstrate that, despite the lack of sequence similarity between ClpAP and proteasomes, these multimeric proteases nevertheless have a profound similarity in their underlying architecture that may reflect a common mechanism of action.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1995

Improved methods for determination of rotational symmetries in macromolecules.

Rotational symmetries of macromolecules are most clearly perceived in the en face projection and may be assessed by inspection of rotational power spectra calculated from electron micrographs of individual particles. However, if the symmetry is not contrasted strongly, this procedure may be inconclusive since the relevant peak may not be convincingly higher than other spectral components. To some extent, this is a sampling problem since the number of repeating elements involved is usually small. We have devised more sensitive statistical tests for rotational symmetry that pool the information contents of entire populations of particles. Both tests involve combining the rotational spectra of many particles and comparing them with the spectra of surrounding background areas. One method is based on the well known t-test which estimates whether two populations differ at a given significance level. In the second test, the ratio between the intensity of each component of the rotational spectrum and the average corresponding intensity for background areas is calculated, and thence, the cumulative product of these ratios over all particles in the data set. If a symmetry is present, this product gradually diverges; otherwise, it converges to zero. As a practical trial, the tests were applied to micrographs of negatively stained hexons of herpes simplex virus and confirmed their 6-fold symmetry. Applied to negatively stained "connector" proteins of bacteriophage T7 purified from a plasmid expression system, both algorithms detected polymorphism with distinct subpopulations of both 13-fold and 12-fold connectors.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

Identification of a Bordetella pertussis bvg-regulated porin-like protein.

Bordetella pertussis 18323 produces a bvg-regulated 39.1-kDa porin-like protein, OmpQ. OmpQ had 61% similarity to the major porin of B. pertussis and contains conserved regions common to both the neisserial and enteric porin families. The results of Southern blot analysis indicate that strains of Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica but not Bordetella avium contain this gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Filamentous hemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis. A bacterial adhesin formed as a 50-nm monomeric rigid rod based on a 19-residue repeat motif rich in beta strands and turns.

The filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) of Bordetella pertussis is an adhesin that binds the bacteria to cells of the respiratory epithelium in whooping-cough infections. Mature FHA is a 220 kDa secretory protein that is highly immunogenic and has been included in acellular vaccines. We have investigated its structure by combining electron microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) with computational analysis of its amino acid sequence. The FHA molecule is 50 nm in length and has the shape of a horseshoe nail: it has a globular head that appears to consist of two domains; a 35 nm-long shaft that averages 4 nm in width, but tapers slightly from the head end; and a small, flexible, tail. Mass measurements by scanning transmission electron microscopy establish that FHA is a monomer. Its sequence contains two regions of tandem 19-residue pseudo-repeats: the first, of 38 cycles, starts at residue 344; the second, of 13 cycles, starts at residue 1440. The repeat motifs are predicted to consist of short beta-strands separated by beta-turns, and secondary structure measurements by CD support this prediction. We propose a hairpin model for FHA in which the head is composed of the terminal domains; the shaft consists mainly of the repeat regions conformed as amphipathic, hyper-elongated beta-sheets, with their hydrophobic faces apposed; and the tail is composed of the intervening sequence. Further support for the model was obtained by immuno-labeling electron microscopy. The 19-residue repeats of FHA have features in common with the leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) that are present in many eukaryotic proteins, including some adhesion factors. The model is also compared with the two other classes of filamentous proteins that are rich in beta-structure, i.e. viral adhesins and two beta-helical secretory proteins. Our proposed structure implies how the functionally important adhesion sites and epitopes of FHA are distributed: its tripeptide (RGD) integrin-binding site is assigned to the tail; the putative hemagglutination site forms part of the head; and two classes of immunodominant epitopes are assigned to opposite ends of the molecule. Possible mechanisms are discussed for two modes of FHA-mediated adhesion.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1994

Ten-year outcome of tardive dyskinesia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with tardive dyskinesia. METHOD: A group of 122 neuroleptic-treated Hungarian outpatients were assessed for tardive dyskinesia on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and the Tardive Dyskinesia Rating Scale by the same rater over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Sixty-three of the patients received both 5- and 10-year follow-up assessments and are the subjects of this report. The overall prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in this group changed little over time; it was 30.2% at baseline, 36.5% at 5 years, and 31.7% at 10 years. However, there were changes in the tardive dyskinesia status of individual patients; 11 patients had remissions, and 12 who did not have tardive dyskinesia at the baseline assessment had developed it by the 10-year assessment. These two subgroups did not differ significantly on demographic and drug history variables. Outcome of tardive dyskinesia was not significantly related to neuroleptic treatment or to age. CONCLUSIONS: The data of this 10-year follow-up study provide evidence for the long-term stability of tardive dyskinesia and for the feasibility of maintenance neuroleptic therapy for chronic psychotic patients who have tardive dyskinesia.

Adult↗