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Biomedical subjects

E Kazam

Publications and source records attributed to E Kazam.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Interobserver variability in neonatal cranial ultrasonography.

The reliability of cranial ultrasound diagnosis in the premature neonate was examined using data from an ongoing multicentre study of the epidemiology and long-term consequences of neonatal brain haemorrhage. First week ultrasound films (obtained at 4 hours, 24 hours and 7 days) from 60 study subjects were randomly selected for independent review by two groups of experienced interpreters, and results were recorded separately for observations (i.e. presence or absence of an abnormal echodense area on a film) and interpretations (i.e. presence or absence of haemorrhage or ventricular dilatation) in each hemisphere. Because of deaths in the first week of life, the total number of films examined was 138. Concordance on the presence or absence of an abnormal echodensity was examined for each individual film for three areas of interest: the germinal matrix, the ventricles and the parenchyma. Concordance on the presence or absence of haemorrhage or ventricular dilatation was examined only for the seventh-day film, or the final film prior to death. Finally, concordance was analysed with the diagnostic interpretations grouped into categories thought to differ prognostically for long-term outcome. In general, concordance was poorest for germinal matrix lesions and best for parenchymal lesions. Concordance was lower for observations made on each individual film than it was for interpretation of the final film in each case. Fifty-five of 60 cases (92%) were assigned to the same major prognostic category by both readers. Ultrasound review conferences were held periodically and there was evidence that concordance in ultrasound reading and interpretation improved during the course of the study.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1988

MR imaging of portal venous thrombosis: correlation with CT and sonography.

Fourteen patients with portal venous thrombosis (PVT) diagnosed by CT and/or sonography were studied with MR. Three of the 14 had portal hypertension. The MR findings were compared with those of eight patients with portal hypertension, but without CT or sonographic evidence of PVT. MR imaging showed portal venous thrombosis in all 14 PVT cases. Intraluminal thrombi of less than 5 weeks duration appeared markedly hyperintense relative to liver and muscle on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Older thrombi appeared hyperintense relative to liver and muscle in eight of 11 cases, but only on T2-weighted images. MR showed thrombi in 11% more portal vessels than did CT (MR = 30, CT = 27) and in 28% more vessels than did sonography (MR = 32, sonography = 25). MR also showed 24% more collateral vessels than did CT (MR = 31, CT = 25) and 50% more vessels than did sonography (MR = 33, sonography = 22). Third-echo images (echo time = 96 msec, repetition time = 1500-2150 msec) verified the presence of venous thrombi in 28 (93%) of 30 PVT vessels, and they differentiated flow-related intravascular signal from true thrombi in six (17%) of 36 portal hypertension vessels. We conclude that MR is a valuable tool for imaging portal vein thrombosis. MR is a good substitute for CT and can be more informative than sonography.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Computed tomography appearance of adrenal vein thrombosis.

The computed tomography appearance of adrenal hemorrhage secondary to adrenal vein thrombosis is illustrated. The lesion appeared radiolucent, with a small focal calcification, mimicking an adrenal adenoma. Hypercoagulopathy was an underlying factor in this patient with myelofibrosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Perirenal spaces: CT evidence for communication across the midline.

The perirenal spaces may communicate across the midline, anterior to the lower aorta and vena cava. The connecting channel has a relatively narrow anteroposterior dimension on computed tomographic (CT) scans, both in vivo and in injected cadavers. It may therefore be difficult to visualize on abdominal radiographs and may be mistaken for unopacified bowel on CT scans. The midline extension of perirenal fluid is usually contiguous to the lower abdominal great vessels anteriorly but does not surround them completely, possibly because of fibrous septa within the perivascular fat. Hematomas from ruptured aortic aneurysms extend mainly into the perirenal spaces. Thus, the lower abdominal great vessels are located, in effect, within the midline extension of these spaces. Superiorly, the perirenal spaces extend to the diaphragm, abutting the lateral and anterior margins of the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles and the bare area of the liver. Inferiorly, perirenal collections appear to diverge into the pelvis, along the psoas muscles, ureters, and iliac vessels.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1986

Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys.

MR images of the kidney have been reported in a variety of diseases. The images have been proton scans, usually produced with pulse sequences that have provided a variety of T1- and T2-weighted images. Anatomy is well depicted: renal parenchyma can be easily separated from adjacent organs and surrounding fat, cortex and medulla are distinguishable, and renal vessels and calyces can be identified and distinguished. Focal diseases can be diagnosed: cysts can usually be distinguished from tumors, and varying degrees of hemorrhage in the former may be detected. Renal carcinoma can be staged relatively well and distinguished from angiomyolipomas. Generalized parenchymal diseases may be detected, but data is scanty. There is promise that ATN and rejection may be distinguishable in transplanted kidneys. Changes have been seen in acute vascular diseases, but extensive experience in man is lacking.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1986

Adrenal hemangioma: a case report.

Adrenal hemangioma is a very rare tumor. Presented is the 18th case proved by autopsy or surgery reported in world literature. The tumor was incidentally discovered at autopsy. Unless this tumor has characteristic calcifications, phlebolith or phlebolithlike, its computed tomography appearance is nonspecific. Therefore, by computed tomography this tumor cannot be differentiated from other primary or secondary adrenal tumors.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

Extraperitoneal paravesical spaces: CT delineation with US correlation.

The extraperitoneal space around the urinary bladder is lamellate, just like the retroperitoneal space around the kidneys. The bladder, urachus, and obliterated umbilical arteries lie within the perivesical space, surrounded by umbilicovesical fascia, analogous to the perinephric space within the renal fascia. A much larger prevesical space, analogous to the anterior pararenal space, lies anterior and lateral to the umbilicovesical fascia. Posterior to the urinary bladder, the lower uterine segment or seminal vesicles lie within the perivesical space, rather than in a separate compartment, corresponding to the posterior pararenal space. The cul-de-sac, and the inferolateral extension of its peritoneal layers as the rectovaginal or rectovesical septum, separate the posterior perivesical space from the rectum. The sectional anatomy of these spaces, and particularly their computed tomographic and ultrasound appearances, were noted in normal anatomic sections, patients with extraperitoneal fluid collections, and a cadaver into which fluid was injected.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1986

Intraperitoneal paravesical spaces: CT delineation with US correlation.

The urinary bladder, obliterated umbilical arteries, and inferior epigastric vessels located within the extraperitoneal space of the anterior abdominal wall indent the anterior parietal peritoneum, forming intraperitoneal paravesical fossae. These are the supravesical space and the medial and lateral inguinal fossae. More posteriorly, the peritoneum covering the bladder is reflected onto the rectum to form the rectovesical space, which is divided by the uterus into an anterior vesicouterine recess and a posterior rectouterine pouch, or cul-de-sac. The cul-de-sac is continuous with the pararectal and ovarian fossae and is bounded posterolaterally by the rectouterine (sacrogenital) folds. These peritoneal compartments form a large potential space for the accumulation of ascites and are separated from the equally large extraperitoneal paravesical spaces by only a thin layer of peritoneum or peritoneum and umbilicovesical fascia. The computed tomographic scans of 100 patients with ascites were reviewed, with particular attention to the differentiation between intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal paravesical collections. The scans of intraperitoneal collections were found to have certain characteristic appearances, including inferior displacement of the distended urinary bladder, visualization of the umbilical folds, and preservation of the preperitoneal fat.

Ascites↗
PubMed1986

CT of fibrous tissues and tumors with sonographic correlation.

Fibrous tissues and tumors may appear hyperdense relative to muscles and solid viscera on CT both before and after IV contrast injection. In addition, fibrous tissues generally have a homogeneously hypoechoic sonographic appearance. The diagnostic value of these criteria is illustrated in a group of 21 fibrous tissue abnormalities that includes retroperitoneal, mediastinal, and perigraft fibrosis, sclerosing pseudotumor of the orbit, generalized fibromatosis, desmoids, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and normal tendons and ligaments. It is concluded that while hyperdensity on CT and echopenia on sonography are not pathognomonic of fibrous tissue, they occur with sufficient frequency that their presence raises the possibility of a fibrous lesion.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Aortic aneurysm secondary to umbilical artery catheterization.

A 14-month-girl presented with an asymptomatic posterior mediastinal mass. She had a history of prematurity, umbilical artery catheterization, and sepsis. The diagnosis of aortic aneurysm was made by dynamic computed tomography. The aneurysm was successfully resected.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed1985

Effect of chorionic villus sampling on serum alpha fetoprotein levels.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a recent advance in prenatal diagnosis in the first trimester. maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) screening for neural tube defects is done from 14-17 weeks gestation. Previous studies have shown an elevation of AFP levels following amniocentesis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CVS on AFP levels immediately following this procedure. CVS was performed under sonographic guidance on 22 patients between 6 and 12 weeks gestation undergoing elective termination of pregnancy. A Portex catheter was used for obtaining villi. Maternal serum AFP levels were ascertained before and after CVS by radioimmunoassay. In the group of patients 8 weeks or less, no change in AFP levels was seen; in patients greater than 8 weeks gestation, a significant rise in post-biopsy AFP level was noted in 7 of 14 patients. Further studies are planned to clarify the effect of CVS on AFP levels in patients with ongoing pregnancies. Clarification of this issue is important to the role of CVS in prenatal screening.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip. Diagnosis using arthrography and CT.

Bursae or abscess cavities communicating with the hip joint were demonstrated by hip arthrography or by computed tomography (CT) in 40 cases. The bursae or abscess cavities were associated with underlying abnormalities in the hip, including painful hip prostheses, infection, and inflammatory or degenerative arthritis. Structures communicating with the joint capsule included iliopsoas bursae (13 cases), bursae associated with the greater trochanter (21 cases), ischiotrochanteric bursae created by abnormal articulation between the ischium and lesser trochanter (two cases), and abscess cavities not associated with a bursa (four cases). Symptoms may be produced directly as a result of infection or indirectly as a result of inflammation or pressure on adjacent structures. In cases of suspected infection, direct puncture and aspiration of the bursa or abscess cavity, in addition to joint aspiration, may be necessary to obtain organisms for culture as joint aspiration may not yield fluid. Hip arthrography can confirm a diagnosis of bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip joint in patients with hip pain or soft-tissue masses around the groin. Differentiation of enlarged bursae from other abnormalities is important to avoid unnecessary or incorrect surgery.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

The portacaval space: CT with MR correlation.

Between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava lies a small space that may be occupied by multiple anatomic structures including the caudate and papillary processes of the caudate lobe of the liver, portacaval lymph nodes, replaced or accessory right hepatic arteries, posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal vessels, the cystic duct, and the epiploic foramen to the lesser sac. The sectional anatomy of these structures is illustrated in this paper with particular emphasis on the portacaval nodes. Unlike the adjacent celiac lymph nodes, portacaval nodes appear rectangular or elliptical on transverse sections and may measure up to 1.3 cm in anteroposterior dimension. They may mimic portions of the pancreas, liver, or biliary tract on sectional images.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Posterior peritoneal recesses: assessment using CT.

Intraperitoneal compartments may extend posteriorly to the level of known retroperitoneal structures at several locations within the abdomen. These locations include the posterior subhepatic or hepatorenal space, the splenorenal space, the retropancreatic recess, the paracolic gutters, and the pararectal fossae. Because of their posterior location, fluid collections within these compartments may be mistaken radiologically for retroperitoneal masses. The sectional anatomy of these spaces, and particularly their appearance on computed tomographic scans, are illustrated in this paper.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

CT of the pericardial recesses.

Within the pericardial cavity there are several recesses where fluid can collect in close contiguity to the major bronchi and lymph nodes. These include the transverse sinus, behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk; the oblique sinus, behind the left atrium; and the left pulmonic recess, between the left pulmonary artery and the left superior pulmonary vein. There are also smaller pericardial recesses between the superior and inferior pulmonary veins, posterolateral to the superior vena cava, and between the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. An understanding of sectional anatomy is valuable for differentiation of fluid within these recesses from mediastinal masses or enlarged lymph nodes on computed tomographic scans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The oblique coronal view in sonography of the retroperitoneum.

The abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava can be seen easily from the right flank on a longitudinal coronal-oblique sonogram, using the liver as an acoustic window. With this view, tortuosity of the abdominal aorta can be shown, just as it appears on frontal aortography in 70% of cases, and similar to aortography in 27% of cases. The proximal renal and common iliac arteries can be demonstrated in 73% and 82% of cases, respectively, when aneurysms are absent, and in 45% and 82% of patients when aortic aneurysms are present. Enlarged posterior abdominal lymph nodes may be detected with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 90% when compared to computed tomography (CT). Prominent gonadal vessels and anomalous or duplicated venae cavae can be displayed longitudinally, just as they might appear on venography. The coronal oblique view from the right flank, and occasionally from the left flank, can be a valuable addition to the standard views obtained during abdominal sonography. It is also a valuable supplement to CT in the differentiation of paraaortic vessels from enlarged lymph nodes.

Abdomen↗