Virulence, cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from cultivated salmonid fish in Sweden.
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Aeromonas↗
Biomedical subjects
E Jansson
Publications and source records attributed to E Jansson.
Muscle fiber types in thoracic erector spinae muscles. Fiber types in idiopathic and other forms of scoliosis.
Histochemical studies of the thoracic part of the erector spinae muscles in scoliosis have shown a consistently higher proportion of Type 1 fibers on the convex side. The fiber distribution of the multifidus and semispinalis muscles was studied in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Compared with sex- and age-matched controls, a "normal" percentage of Type 1 fibers was found on the convex right side and significantly smaller percentage of Type 1 fibers on the concave side. Boys with AIS showed the same pattern as girls. In two patients with double major curves, the same pattern could be seen on the convexity of both curves. Patients with congenital scoliosis or scoliosis with early onset showed a different pattern with a "normal" percentage of Type 1 fibers on the concave side but a significantly greater percentage of Type 1 fibers on the convex side. In AIS, the deviation in the fiber distribution may constitute a primary factor in the pathogenesis of scoliosis. In congenital scoliosis the differences in fiber distribution between the convex and concave sides are considered secondary in the pathogenesis of the spinal curvature.
Adolescent↗
Effect of hyperthyroidism on fibre-type composition, fibre area, glycogen content and enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle.
Seven hyperthyroid patients were studied by repeated muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) before and after a period of medical treatment which averaged 10 months. The biopsies were analysed with regard to fibre-type composition, fibre area, capillary density, glycogen content and enzyme activities representing the glycolytic capacity (hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase), oxidative capacity (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase) and Ca2+- and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase in muscle. In the pretreatment biopsy (hyperthyroid state), there was a significantly lower proportion of type I fibres (30% vs. 41%), a higher capillary density (23%), lower glycogen content (33%), and higher hexokinase activity (32%) compared with the post-treatment biopsy. No significant changes in the activity of the remaining enzymes were observed. The present study indicates that hyperthyroidism induces a transformation from type I to type II fibres in human skeletal muscle. The increase in hexokinase activity probably reflects a higher glucose utilization by skeletal muscle in order to compensate partially for the reduced glycogen content.
Adult↗
Activities of key enzymes in the energy metabolism of human myocardial and skeletal muscle.
Activities of total creatine kinase (CK), its isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and its isoenzyme LD1, phosphofructokinase (PFK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and citrate synthase (CS) were determined in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from physically trained and untrained men and in myocardial biopsies from patients subjected to open heart surgery because of valve disease. The LD1, ASAT and CS activities were higher in trained than in untrained skeletal muscle and still higher in heart muscle than in either trained or untrained skeletal muscle. The CK-MB activity was higher in trained than untrained skeletal muscle and the myocardial CK-MB activity was similar to that in trained skeletal muscle. Total CK activity was slightly lower in trained than in untrained skeletal muscle and the myocardial CK activity was approximately one third of the skeletal muscle CK. Both the PFK and the total LD activity was of similar magnitude in the different muscle types. In conclusion, as estimated by enzyme activities, the oxidative capacity is 2-3 times larger in myocardial than in skeletal muscle, while the glycolytic capacity as estimated by PFK appears to be the same.
Adult↗
Decrease in skeletal muscle myoglobin with intensive training in man.
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Epinephrine-induced changes in muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in male subjects.
Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis in resting skeletal muscle, but less is known about the effects of epinephrine on exercising muscle. To study this, epinephrine was given intraarterially to one leg during two-legged cycle exercise in nine healthy males. The epinephrine-stimulated (EPI) and non-stimulated (C) legs were compared with regard to glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GP), and lactate contents in muscle biopsies taken before and after the 45-min submaximal exercise, as well as brachial arterial-femoral venous (a-fv) differences for epinephrine, norepinephrine, lactate, glucose, and O2 during exercise. During exercise the arterial plasma epinephrine concentration was 4.8 +/- 0.8 nmol/l and the femoral venous epinephrine concentrations were 10.3 +/- 2.1 and 3.9 +/- 0.6 nmol/l, respectively, in the EPI and C leg. During exercise the a-fv difference for lactate was greater (-0.41 +/- 0.14 vs. -0.21 +/- 0.14 mmol/l; P less than 0.001), and the a-fv difference for glucose was smaller (0.07 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.12 mmol/l; P less than 0.01) in the EPI than in the C leg, but the a-fv differences for O2 were similar. Muscle glycogen depletion (137 +/- 63 vs. 99 +/- 43 mmol/kg dry muscle; P less than 0.1) and the muscle concentrations of glucose (P less than 0.05), alpha-GP (P less than 0.1), G6P (P greater than 0.1), and lactate (P greater than 0.1) tended to be higher in the EPI than the C leg after exercise. These findings suggest that physiological concentrations of epinephrine may enhance muscle glycogenolysis during submaximal exercise in male subjects.
Adult↗
Myocardial metabolism during aortic valve replacement. I. Hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegia with mannitol.
Myocardial energy metabolism during hypothermic potassium cardioplegia with addition of mannitol was studied in five patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricle 10 min after the aortic cross-clamping and immediately before declamping and were analyzed for ATP, lactate and glycogen. The ATP concentration fell (13.2 +/- 3.6-11.0 +/- 4.3 mmol X kg-1 dry muscle), the lactate concentration rose (61.5 +/- 17.6-86.6 +/- 13.3) and glycogen decreased (181 +/- 54-143 +/- 3 mmol X kg-1 d.m.). Use of mannitol in a crystalloid cardioplegia solution does not prevent pronounced anaerobic metabolism in the myocardium during aortic valve replacement.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Myocardial metabolism during aortic valve replacement. II. Bolus infusion of cold blood for cardioplegia.
Myocardial energy metabolism during hypothermic potassium cardioplegia with blood as the cardioplegia vehicle, given in one or two bolus doses, was studied in eight patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricle 10 min after aortic cross-clamping (a.c.) and immediately before declamping (d.c.) and were analyzed for ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), creatine (C) and lactate. The interindividual range of myocardial temperature was 11-19 degrees C at 10 min a.c. and 11-25 degrees C immediately before d.c. The myocardial ATP concentration fell (17.2 +/- 5.7-12.8 +/- 2.8 mmol X kg-1 dry muscle), the lactate concentration rose (64.7 +/- 35.8-136 +/- 33.8 mmol X kg-1 d.m.) and the total creatine pool (CP + C) was unchanged. Hypothermic blood cardioplegia conferred fairly good initial protection of the myocardium, but the reduction in ATP and the great lactate accumulation towards the end of cardioplegia, especially in patients with myocardial temperature reaching 19-25 degrees C, indicates that such protection is adequate only if the myocardial temperature is maintained between 11 and 18 degrees C.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Myocardial metabolism during aortic valve replacement. III. Continuous infusion of cold blood for cardioplegia.
Myocardial energy metabolism during hypothermic potassium cardioplegia with blood as the cardioplegia vehicle was studied in eight patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Cardiac arrest was induced with a single bolus infusion and maintained by continuous perfusion. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricle 10 min after aortic cross-clamping (a.c.) and immediately before declamping (d.c.) and were analyzed for ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), creatine (C) and lactate. The interindividual range of myocardial temperature was 15-21 degrees a.c. and 17-22 degrees C immediately before d.c. The ATP concentration decreased (12.7 +/- 3.9-10.4 +/- 3.5 mmol X kg-1 dry muscle), the lactate concentration increased (102 +/- 30-156 +/- 8 mmol X kg-1 d.m.), and the total creatine (CP + C) remained constant. Induction of cardioplegia by blood resulting in a mean myocardial temperature of 19 degrees C could not prevent anaerobic metabolism. The changes in ATP levels between 10 min after a.c. and just before d.c. were small, however, indicating that oxygen delivery during continuous blood cardioplegia at a myocardial temperature of c. 20 degrees C prevented further loss of ATP. The lactate concentration, however, increased markedly between 10 min after a.c. and d.c., demonstrating that a significant proportion of the total metabolism was anaerobic.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Muscle fiber type changes in human skeletal muscle after injuries and immobilization.
Eight athletes operated on for knee injuries were followed with muscle biopsies before and at various intervals after surgery and immobilization. A statistically significant change of the muscle fiber distribution was found. The percentage type I fibers dropped from an average of 54% to 43%. One competitive cross-country skier showed a dramatic drop from 81% type I fibers at surgery to 58% type I fibers six weeks later. After beginning training he returned to 85% type I fibers. One athlete who had been operated and immobilized for long periods several times showed a drastic difference in fiber type distribution between his two thighs with 20% type I fibers in the injured leg and 69% type I fibers in his uninjured leg. After three years of training his fiber type composition in the injured leg returned toward the fiber type distribution of the uninjured thigh. It is evident that muscle fiber type composition can change. The most probable reason for this is that the drastic change from hard sports training to nearly complete immobilization influences both the muscle itself and its innervation and causes this change of fiber types.
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Prevention of quadriceps wasting after immobilization: an evaluation of the effect of electrical stimulation.
Eighteen male and 20 female patients who underwent reconstruction of their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a flap from the patellar tendon were randomly assigned into either closed cast, isometric muscle training and electric stimulation (ES group), or closed cast and isometric training alone (control group). The degree of quadriceps wasting was determined from computerized tomographic scans (CT) before and 6 weeks after surgery. Electrical stimulation was given with a battery operated stimulator that produced a rectangular asymmetric balanced biphasic pulse shape. The pulse rate was 40 Hz and the pulse width 300 microseconds. Patients received 30 min of stimulation three times daily during 5.5 weeks. Female control patients showed a larger decrease in quadriceps area on CT than male control patients (P less than .001). No significant difference was found between male electrically stimulated patients and control patients. In female patients, there was on the contrary, a highly significant difference in favor of electrical stimulation (P less than .001) When the different parts of the quadriceps were studied, a significantly lower degree of atrophy of the vastus medialis was found after electrical stimulation. Vastus lateralis did not show any difference. Measurements of CT attenuation, pre- and post-operatively, showed a decrease in attenuation of 17% for the vastus medialis and lateralis of the operated leg after immobilization, indicating an increase in fat content. In the rectus femoris, however, there was an increase in attenuation of 14.6%. Percutaneous muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis obtained before, one week after, and 6 weeks after surgery revealed that the cross-sectional area of the individual muscle fibers decreased less in the electrically stimulated than in controls, but the difference was not significant. There were no differences between the two groups in the activity of an oxidative enzyme, citrate synthase, or a glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase (PFK). We conclude that females reacted more favorably than males to electrical stimulation of quadriceps during an immobilization period after knee surgery.
Adult↗
Acholeplasma laidlawii retains sensitivity to exogenous virus while releasing endogenous, mitomycin C induced, virus. Brief report.
Three of five Acholeplasma laidlawii strains were found to carry Mitomycin C inducible acholeplasmaviruses. These virus hosts were capable of propagating (1) virus homologous to the one it carried, and (2) exogenous virus while releasing induced endogenous virus.
Acholeplasma laidlawii↗
Creatine kinase MB and citrate synthase in type I and type II muscle fibres in trained and untrained men.
Total creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and citrate synthase (CS) were determined in isolated and pooled type I and type II skeletal muscle fibres. Determinations were made on biopsies from 3 sedentary men, 3 junior cyclists and 2 elite cyclists. CS and CK-MB activities were higher in the trained groups in both fibre types. The total CK activity was not related to training status, although it was lower in type I fibres than in type II fibres (p less than 0.05). The reverse relation was observed for CS and CK-MB activities (p less than 0.01). The ratio of type I/type II for CS was not related to training status, while the corresponding ratio for CK-MB increased with a greater degree of endurance training. For a given increase in CS activity, the increase in CK-MB activity was greater in type I fibres than in type II fibres (p less than 0.01). Thus, with endurance training there seems to be a specific adaptation for CK-MB, particularly in type I fibres.
Adolescent↗
Myocardial energy depletion during profound hypothermic cardioplegia for cardiac operations.
Myocardial biopsy specimens were taken from 10 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement using extracorporeal circulation and continuous perfusion blood cardioplegia at extremely low myocardial temperature (10 degrees C). They were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, creatine, and lactate before, after 10 minutes, and after 60 minutes of cardioplegia. Patient inclusion criteria were heart volume less than 700 ml/m2 body surface area and no significant coronary atherosclerosis as judged from preoperative angiograms. The profound hypothermic cardioplegia resulted in a smaller intramyocardial lactate accumulation but a greater decrease in adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate than a moderate reduction of myocardial temperature (15 degrees C) as previously reported in a similar patient group. This suggests that at the lower temperature energy-generating processes are thwarted more than energy consumption. In addition, the profound hypothermic cardioplegia led to a reduction of the myocardial pool of total creatine, which may delay restitution of myocardial high-energy phosphate and function after cardioplegia.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Detection of Mycoplasma hominis antigen in clinical specimens by using a four-layer modification of enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
A 4-layer modification of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for the detection of Mycoplasma hominis antigen in clinical specimens. Microtiter plates were sensitized with rabbit anti-mycoplasma immunoglobulin, guinea pig anti-mycoplasma immunoglobulin was used as the secondary antibody, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin was used as the indicator antibody. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by using guinea pig immunoglobulins from preimmunization sera. The sensitivity of the assay is down to 10 ng/ml of antigen protein. Marked cross-reactivity was demonstrated for different strains within the species M. hominis, whereas the other genital mycoplasma species tested showed no reactivity in the assay. A comparison was made of EIA and conventional culture of vaginal specimens from 24 women. All 6 specimens positive by culture were also positive for M. hominis antigen by EIA. Antigen detection by EIA is a sensitive, rapid and simple method for the detection of M. hominis in clinical specimens.
Adult↗
Myoglobin content in human skeletal muscle and myocardium: relation to fibre size and oxidative capacity.
Myoglobin, muscle fibre diameter, and citrate synthase activity were measured in leg muscle of untrained and trained men and in the myocardium from the apex of the left ventricle and from papillary muscle in patients subjected to open heart surgery. The citrate synthase (CS) activity was 60% higher in trained than in untrained skeletal muscle. In the myocardium it was around four times greater than in untrained skeletal muscle but there was no difference between the apex of the left ventricle and papillary muscle. The fibre diameter varied almost threefold between the different groups of muscles with the largest diameter in untrained skeletal muscle and the with the largest diameter in untrained skeletal muscle and the smallest in papillary muscle. The myoglobin content in trained skeletal muscle did not differ from that of untrained muscle. In the left ventricle it was only 40% of that found in untrained muscle while papillary muscle had almost twice as high a myoglobin content as did the left ventricle. The ratio between myoglobin and fibre diameter, however, was of similar magnitude in skeletal muscle and the left ventricle while it was twice as high in papillary muscle as in the other muscles. In conclusion, the diffusion distance in terms of fibre diameter decreased with increased oxidative capacity (CS activity), when comparing the statistical means of the four different groups. The capacity for oxygen diffusion in relation to oxygen demand measured as the ratio of myoglobin to fibre diameter appeared to be of similar magnitude in skeletal muscle and left ventricle but was higher in papillary muscle.
Adult↗
Leg citrate metabolism at rest and during exercise in relation to diet and substrate utilization in man.
Previously we have demonstrated a lower rate of carbohydrate utilization in skeletal muscle after a fat than after a carbohydrate rich diet both at rest and during exercise. To test the hypothesis of citrate as a regulator of glycolysis (1) arterial-femoral venous (a-fv) differences for oxygen, citrate, pyruvate and lactate and (2) muscle citrate and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) were determined at rest and after 5 and 25 min of submaximal bicycle exercise. Citrate release and muscle citrate concentration were higher after fat than after carbohydrate diet at rest and 5 min exercise, but did not differ between diets at 25 min exercise. Lactate release and muscle lactate concentration were lower after fat diet at 5 and 25 min exercise. Pyruvate release at 5 min exercise was higher after fat diet. The G-6-P concentration was higher at rest, insignificantly higher after 5 min exercise and lower at 25 min exercise after the fat diet. The findings support the notion that at rest and 5 min exercise fat diet induced inhibition of glycolysis might be mediated through increased intramuscular citrate acting on phosphofructokinase. In addition, the greater pyruvate release at 5 min exercise after fat diet in spite of a smaller lactate release, indicates a decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and/or NADH to NAD ratio after fat diet. The inhibition of glycolysis at 25 min exercise after fat diet on the other hand does not seem to be citrate mediated.
Adult↗
Human creatine kinase. Isoenzymes and logistics of energy distribution.
A simple procedure to estimate creatine kinase of mitochondrial origin (CK-mit) was tested in homogenates from human myocardial and skeletal muscle. Thereafter CK-mit was estimated as the difference between the activity remaining after immunoinhibition with anit-CK-M and chromatographic isolation of CK-MB. This method was applied to selected human myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsies. These biopsies were selected on the basis of citrate synthetase activity so as to give a large range in oxidative capacity. CK-MB and CK-mit were correlated and both CK-MB and CK-mit correlated to citrate synthetase activity. The isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-mit were thus associated with the oxidative capacity of the tissue. The results confirm the energy shuttle hypothesis for CK with CK-MB located at target organelles.
Citrate (si)-Synthase↗