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Biomedical subjects

E J Schaefer

Publications and source records attributed to E J Schaefer.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Familial lipoprotein disorders and premature coronary artery disease.

Significant risk factors for premature coronary heart disease include: (1) family history, (2) elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level > or = 160 mg/dl, l, (3) decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level < 35 mg/dl, l, (4) cigarette smoking, (5) high blood pressure and (6) diabetes mellitus. All of these risk factors are common in patients with premature heart disease. Common familial lipid disorders associated with premature heart disease include familial lipoprotein(a) excess, familial dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol), familial combined hyperlipidemia (elevations of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and often decreased HDL cholesterol), familial hypoapobetalipoproteinemia (elevated apolipoprotein B levels), familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low HDL cholesterol levels), and familial hypercholesterolemia (elevated LDL cholesterol levels). All these disorders have been characterized using age and gender specific 90th and 10th percentile values from the normal population. The diagnosis and potential management of these disorders is reviewed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Relationship of body fat distribution with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Chinese.

The relationships between six body girths (shoulder, midarm, waist, hip, thigh, and calf) and cardiovascular risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressures and glucose, triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein levels) were examined in 407 healthy Chinese urban workers in Taipei, Taiwan who were between 40 to 59 years old. Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant associations of upper body adiposity (shoulder, midarm, and waist girths) with cardiovascular risk factors in all subgroups assessed: men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Waist girth and hip girth were consistent and important variables, and weighted in the opposite direction. Waist-hip ratio (WHR) was the best descriptor of centralized adiposity. Centralized fat distribution was positively associated with blood pressure and glucose, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, and negatively associated with high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apo A-I levels in this population. Body fat distribution had an effect independent of body mass index and accounted for some of the differences in triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, apo A-I, and apo B concentrations among men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Our findings in a Chinese population are similar to data from other studies in Western populations, and are consistent with the hypothesis that centralized adiposity is related to cardiovascular risk factors independent of general obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Familial lipoprotein disorders and premature coronary artery disease.

Although there is consensus that lipid variables, especially lipoprotein(a), are heritable and that elevated LDL cholesterol levels should be treated, there are no clear definitions of the common familial lipid disorders associated with premature CHD (lipoprotein(a) excess, FCH, familial dyslipidemia, familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, familial hypercholesterolemia), nor do we have clear guidelines for the treatment of most of these disorders. Implementation of therapy for elevated LDL cholesterol in familial lipid disorders often has not occurred even in the United States. Before recommendations can be made for subjects with lipoprotein(a) excess and HDL deficiency (who often have combined hyperlipidemia or hypertriglyceridemia), prospective studies documenting benefit of CHD risk reduction must be carried out in subjects with lipoprotein(a) excess and HDL deficiency. One such study is being carried out with gemfibrozil in CHD patients with HDL deficiency. Current data do justify treatment of CHD patients with lipoprotein(a) excess with niacin because niacin has been shown to lower lipoprotein(a) levels as well as lower CHD risk mortality in random CHD patients. With regard to CHD patients with or without HDL cholesterol levels less than 35 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), efforts should be made to optimize their lipid profile and reduce their LDL cholesterol levels to less than 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Effects of dietary intakes on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in free-living elderly men and women.

Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B concentrations and habitual dietary intakes were determined in 306 free-living elderly individuals (119 men and 187 women, age range 60-100 y). Plasma lipid and apo A-I concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men. In older men, plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and apo B concentrations were significantly lower than in younger men, whereas a significant trend towards lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations was observed in older women. Energy intake and percent macronutrient intake were not influenced by age. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with lower HDL cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations, whereas higher total fat intake was associated with higher apo A-I concentrations. Higher vitamin A intake was associated with higher plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apo A-I. Our data indicate that both dietary and plasma concentrations of vitamin A, body mass index, age, and sex are important determinants of plasma lipid concentrations in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between dietary intake, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in Taipei and Framingham.

To determine whether the lower rates of heart disease in Taiwan than in the United States could be related to associations between plasma lipoproteins and dietary intake, we assessed these indexes in 423 adults in Taipei matched with 420 adults in Framingham, MA. Concentrations of LDL cholesterol were 14% lower, HDL cholesterol 9% higher, and LDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol 27% lower in Taipei than in Framingham. Dietary intakes of total fat (34%), saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol (338 mg) were, respectively, 16%, 41%, and 19% lower in Taipei men, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid intake was 89% higher than in Framingham men. Similar differences were seen for women except for total fat and cholesterol intakes, which were similar. From stepwise analyses of all subjects, we observed significant associations of lower LDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes and lower body mass indexes in both men and women. Our data indicate that the more favorable lipoprotein profiles observed in Taipei subjects may be partly due to differences in type of dietary fat consumption as well as in body mass index.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of a diet restricted in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol on the composition of apolipoprotein A-I--containing lipoprotein particles in the fasting and fed states.

To test the hypothesis that diet may exert differential effects on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I--containing high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) particles with (w) and without (w/o) apo A-II [Lp(A-I w A-II) and Lp(A-I w/o A-II)], the effects of a diet low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol [National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) Step 2 diet] on these lipoproteins were determined in eight normolipidemic subjects, aged 53-74 y, in both the fasting and nonfasting states. Compared with a diet high in saturated fatty acid and cholesterol, consumption of an NCEP diet (6 mo) lowered fasting plasma, low-density-lipoprotein, and HDL cholesterol, and nonfasting plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05- < 0.005). Phospholipid in fasting and nonfasting Lp(A-I w A-II) and Lp(A-I w/o A-II) was lower during the NCEP diet (P < 0.05-0.001), but reductions in apo A-I or A-II were observed only in Lp(A-I w A-II). In contrast, differences in particle-size profiles were detected in Lp(A-I w/o A-II) but not in Lp(A-I w A-II). These observations provide further evidence that Lp(A-I w A-II) and Lp(A-I w/o A-II) are distinct metabolic entities.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dietary fat saturation affects apolipoprotein gene expression and high density lipoprotein size distribution in golden Syrian hamsters.

Our purpose was to elucidate the mechanisms whereby diets high in polyunsaturated fat lower plasma triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentrations compared with diets high in saturated fat. Twenty-four male Golden Syrian hamsters (F1B strain) were fed semipurified diets containing 0.2 g cholesterol + 15 g fat/100 g diet enriched (13 g/100 g) in either coconut oil or soybean oil for 18 wk. Consumption of the soybean oil diet was associated with significantly (P < 0.001) lower mean concentrations of HDL cholesterol (28%), triglycerides (51%) and free fatty acids (51%), as well as a significantly lower proportion of large HDL particles. No effect on plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein or lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities or hepatic or intestinal apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-IV or E mRNA levels were noted. The soybean oil-fed group had significantly lower levels of mRNA (P < 0.05) for hepatic apo A-II (23%) and apo C-III (18%) and significantly higher levels of mRNA for intestinal apo C-II (23%). Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids lower triglyceride concentrations in hamsters by decreasing apo C-III gene expression and by increasing apo C-II gene expression. In addition, reduced expression of apo A-II in animals fed the soybean oil diet may contribute to the lower HDL cholesterol concentration and larger proportion of small HDL particles noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ascorbic acid and plasma lipids.

We examined the association between plasma lipids and total ascorbic acid in 256 men and 221 women age 20-65 years. Among men, we observed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was 2.1 mg per dl higher, total:HDL cholesterol was 5.4% lower, total cholesterol was 4.8 mg per dl lower, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was 5.6 mg per dl lower, and triglyceride was 5.2% lower for each 0.5 mg per dl increment in ascorbic acid. The association between ascorbic acid and total:HDL cholesterol ratio in men was modified by glucose concentration. Among women, we observed that HDL cholesterol was 14.9 mg per dl higher for women with ascorbic acid levels < or = 1.05 mg per dl and 0.9 mg per dl lower for women with ascorbic acid levels > 1.05 mg per dl for each 0.5 mg per dl increment in ascorbic acid. Total:HDL cholesterol ratio was 10.9% lower for women with ascorbic acid concentrations < or = 1.45 mg per dl and 0.6% higher for women with ascorbic acid concentrations > 1.45 mg per dl for each 0.5 mg per dl increment. The associations among ascorbic acid concentration, total and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were weak or absent among women. These results are consistent with earlier observations relating ascorbic acid and HDL cholesterol and indicate that ascorbic acid might also be related to total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary cholesterol in diets enriched in polyunsaturated and saturated fat. Dietary cholesterol, fat saturation, and plasma lipids.

Within the context of reduced-fat diets, the effects of incorporating a fat high in stearic acid and adding moderate amounts of dietary cholesterol were examined in 14 middle-aged and elderly women and men (range, 46 to 78 years) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations > 130 mg/dL (range, 133 to 219 mg/dL) at screening. The subjects consumed each of the five diets, which were as follows: (1) a baseline diet (35% fat with 13% saturated fatty acids [SFAs], 12% monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFAs], and 8% polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs], and 128 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal); (2) a reduced-fat diet, in which two thirds of the fat was provided as corn oil (corn oil-enriched diet: 29% fat with 7% SFAs, 9% MUFAs, and 11% PUFAs and 85 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal), which met the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 guidelines; (3) a reduced-fat diet, in which two thirds of the fat was provided as beef tallow (beef tallow-enriched diet: 31% fat with 13% SFAs, 11% MUFAs, and 3% PUFAs and 109 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal); and two reduced-fat diets, one (4) enriched in corn oil and the other (5) enriched in beef tallow, to which moderate amounts of cholesterol in the form of egg yolk were incorporated (197 or 226 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal final cholesterol content in corn oil- or beef tallow-enriched diets, respectively). All diets were isocaloric and all food and drink were provided by the metabolic kitchen. Reducing the fat content of the diet resulted in decreased concentrations of LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Short-term consumption of a low-fat diet beneficially affects plasma lipid concentrations only when accompanied by weight loss. Hypercholesterolemia, low-fat diet, and plasma lipids.

Study subjects (6 women and 5 men) over the age of 40 years with fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations > 130 mg/dL were studied during three 5-week diet phases and one 10-week phase: baseline (36% fat: 13% saturated fatty acids [SFA], 12% monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], 8% polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], and 128 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal); reduced fat (29% fat: 7% SFA, 9% MUFA, 11% PUFA, and 85 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal); and two low fat (15% fat: 5% SFA, 5% MUFA, 3% PUFA, and 73 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal). Body weight was maintained during the first three 5-week phases (baseline, reduced fat, and low fat [-->energy]) and decreased during the last 10-week phase when the low-fat diet was provided such that the subjects determined, in part, their caloric intake (low fat [decreases energy]). Mean body weight declined by 0.62 +/- 0.47 kg/wk during the first 5 weeks and 0.43 +/- 0.43 kg/wk during the second 5 weeks of the 10-week low-fat (decreases energy) period. Relative to the baseline diet, plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased from 226 +/- 33 to 195 +/- 19 (-13%), 208 +/- 22 (-7%), and 190 +/- 19 (-15%) mg/dL when the subjects consumed the reduced-fat, low-fat (--> energy), and low-fat (decreases energy) diets, respectively. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased from 158 +/- 28 to 128 +/- 16 (-18%), 134 +/- 17 (-14%), and 119 +/- 15 (-23%) mg/dL when the subjects consumed the reduced-fat, low-fat (--> energy), and low-fat (decreases energy) diets, respectively. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased from 48 +/- 11 to 42 +/- 9 (-10%), 35 +/- 7 (-25%), and 38 +/- 8 (-18%) mg/dL when the subjects consumed the reduced-fat, low-fat (--> energy), and low-fat (decreases energy) diets, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations increased from 110 +/- 32 to 115 +/- 31 (8%), 188 +/- 76 (75%), and 130 +/- 32 (22%) mg/dL when the subjects consumed the reduced-fat, low-fat (--> energy), and low-fat (decreases energy) diets, respectively. Maximal changes in plasma lipid concentrations were observed after the first 5 weeks of the low-fat (decreases energy) diet phase despite continued weight loss throughout the entire 10-week diet period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of dietary fat selection on plasma cholesterol synthesis in older, moderately hypercholesterolemic humans.

To study factors controlling plasma cholesterol levels, the effect of dietary fat type on cholesterol synthesis was examined in 15 hypercholesterolemic subjects (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol > 130 mg.dL-1) consuming over a period of 32 days (1) a baseline diet (36% kcal as fat: 15% saturated, 15% monounsaturated, and 6% polyunsaturated fat; 180 mg cholesterol.1000 kcal-1) and diets meeting National Cholesterol Education Program step 2 criteria (30% kcal as fat, < or = 7% saturated fat, 80 to 85 mg cholesterol/Mcal), where two thirds of the fat was either (2) olive, (3) corn, or (4) canola oil. Plasma total, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined at the end of each period. Cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was also measured as the deuterium (D) incorporation into plasma total cholesterol relative to body D2O level (1.2 g D2O.kg-1 estimated body water) over 24 hours. Absolute synthesis rates (ASRs) were determined as the product of FSR and rapid turnover cholesterol pool size. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels declined significantly (P < .005) on all plant-oil diets compared with the baseline diet; however, triglyceride levels were not different. FSRs were higher (P < .05) for the corn oil (0.0665 +/- 0.0097 pool.d-1) compared with baseline (0.0412 +/- 0.0060 pool.d-1) and olive oil (0.0409 +/- 0.0052 pool.d-1) but not canola oil (0.0492 +/- 0.0072 pool.d-1) diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Rice bran oil consumption and plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans.

The effect of rice bran oil, and oil not commonly consumed in the United States, on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations was studied within the context of a National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) Step 2 diet and compared with the effects of canola, corn, and olive oils. The study subjects were 15 middle-aged and elderly subjects (8 postmenopausal women and 7 men; age range, 44 to 78 years) with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) concentrations (range, 133 to 219 mg/dL). Diets enriched in each of the test oils were consumed by each subject for 32-day periods in a double-blind fashion and were ordered in a Latin square design. All food and drink were provided by the metabolic research unit. Diet components were identical (17% of calories as protein, 53% as carbohydrate, 30% as fat [< 7% as saturated fat], and 80 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal) except that two thirds of the fat in each diet was contributed by rice bran, canola, corn, or olive oil. Mean +/- SD plasma total cholesterol concentrations were 192 +/- 19, 194 +/- 20, 194 +/- 19, and 205 +/- 19 mg/dL, and LDL-C concentrations were 109 +/- 30, 109 +/- 26, 108 +/- 31, and 112 +/- 29 mg/dL after consumption of the rice bran, canola, corn, and olive oil-enriched diets, respectively. Plasma cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations were similar and statistically indistinguishable when the subjects consumed the rice bran, canola, and corn oil-enriched diets and lower than when they consumed the olive oil-enriched diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

ApoA-IV phenotype affects diet-induced plasma LDL cholesterol lowering.

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends that dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake be reduced to < or = 30% of calories, < 10% of calories, and < 300 mg/d, respectively (step 1 diet), in the general population to reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and heart disease risk. We examined the LDL-C-lowering response to such a diet (26% fat, 8% saturated fat, and 201 mg/d cholesterol) compared with an average American diet (39% fat, 15% saturated fat, and 435 mg cholesterol/d) in 153 subjects using diet periods of 4 through 24 weeks for each diet phase. The mean LDL-C reduction was 13% in men (n = 93) and 7% in postmenopausal women (n = 60). The effect of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV phenotype on responsiveness was examined. LDL-C lowering in men was significantly (P < .005) less (7%) for 17 apoA-IV (1/2) subjects than for 76 apoA-IV (1/1) subjects (16%). In women, 7% lowering was observed in both 12 apoA-IV (1/2) subjects and 48 apoA-IV (1/1) subjects. ApoA-IV phenotype had a significant effect on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels during both dietary periods; women carrying the apoA-IV-2 allele had higher levels than those homozygous for the apoA-IV-1 allele. The opposite was true for triglyceride levels, but only during the period when the subjects consumed the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of gender and menopausal status on the association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoprotein levels. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study.

Apolipoprotein (apo) E phenotype is an important genetic determinant of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apo B levels. We have determined apo E phenotype by isoelectric focusing and plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, apo A-I, apo B, and lipoprotein(a) levels, as well as LDL particle size, in 2258 men and women participating in the Framingham Offspring Study. Apo E phenotype (E2/2, E2/4, E3/2, E3/3, E3/4, and E4/4) was not associated with plasma lipoprotein(a) levels but was associated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels, apo B levels, and LDL size in men and with plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B levels in women. The average effect of the epsilon 2 allele was to lower plasma LDL cholesterol levels by 9.2 mg/dL in men and by 13.7 mg/dL in women, while the average effect of the epsilon 4 allele was to increase LDL cholesterol levels by 2.6 mg/dL in men and by 5.4 mg/dL in women. When men were divided into two groups according to their age (< 50 and > or = 50 years old), the average effect of the epsilon 2 allele was to lower plasma levels of LDL cholesterol by 10.2 mg/dL in younger men and by 7.5 mg/dL in older men. In premenopausal women, the average effect of the epsilon 2 allele was to lower LDL cholesterol by 8.2 mg/dL and, in postmenopausal women, by 20.4 mg/dL. An opposite effect of the epsilon 4 allele was observed: the epsilon 4 allele was associated with increases in plasma LDL cholesterol levels of 4.0 mg/dL in younger men and of 1.0 mg/dL in older men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A prospective investigation of elevated lipoprotein (a) detected by electrophoresis and cardiovascular disease in women. The Framingham Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Sinking prebeta lipoprotein is a putative marker for elevated levels of lipoprotein (a). Although prospective data suggest that increased plasma lipoprotein (a) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in men, no prospective studies are available in women. METHODS AND RESULTS: From 1968 through 1975, sinking prebeta lipoprotein was determined by paper electrophoresis in 3103 women Framingham Heart Study participants who were free of prevalent cardiovascular disease. A sinking prebeta lipoprotein band was detectable in 434 of the women (14%) studied. The median follow-up interval was approximately 12 years. Incident cardiovascular disease was associated with band presence using a proportional hazards model that included age, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose intolerance, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy. Multivariable adjusted relative risk estimates (with 95% confidence intervals) for outcomes in the band present versus absent groups were as follows: myocardial infarction (82 events), 2.37 (1.48 to 3.81); intermittent claudication (62 events), 1.94 (1.07 to 3.50); cerebrovascular disease (83 events), 1.88 (1.12 to 3.15); total coronary heart disease (174 events), 1.61 (1.13 to 2.29); and total cardiovascular disease (305 events), 1.44 (1.09 to 1.91). A subset analysis indicated that band presence was 50.9% sensitive and 95.4% specific for detecting plasma lipoprotein (a) levels of > 30 mg/dL, the threshold value linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk in men. CONCLUSIONS: Sinking prebeta lipoprotein was a valid surrogate for elevated lipoprotein (a) levels in Framingham Heart Study women. Band presence and, equivalently, elevated plasma lipoprotein (a), was a strong, independent predictor of myocardial infarction, intermittent claudication, and cerebrovascular disease. Confirmation of these findings in other longitudinal studies of women is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Modification of the dextran-Mg2+ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol precipitation method for use with previously frozen plasma.

Although dextran-Mg2+ precipitation produces accurate and precise results for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in fresh plasma and serum, precipitation of frozen specimens with triglycerides > 2.26 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) is difficult. We developed a modification that dilutes thawed samples by 35% and increases dextran-Mg2+ reagent to 15% of sample volume. Standard precipitations were performed on 62 fresh EDTA-treated plasma specimens; supernatant solutions were analyzed fresh and after freezing. Standard and modified methods were also performed on thawed, paired plasmas. In specimens with triglycerides < or = 2.26 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol results for all methods were similar. For triglycerides > 2.26 mmol/L, however, bias and precision were significantly affected by freezing, and 38.5% of samples with standard precipitation required additional procedures to produce clear supernatant solutions. HDL cholesterol concentrations for thawed samples with standard precipitation were significantly greater than for fresh samples (P < 0.02), but those for the modified method were not different from fresh samples, and only one specimen required additional steps to produce a clear supernate.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of high density lipoproteins by a modified gradient gel electrophoresis method.

A high resolution electrophoretic method has been developed to separate plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles by size using 4-30% polyacrylamide agarose (PAA) gradient gels, Sudan black B staining, and laser densitometry. Fourteen distinct HDL bands were observed with HDL-1 being designated as the largest particle and HDL-14 as the smallest particle. HDL-1 was similar in size to ferritin (Stokes diameter 12.2 nm), HDL-8 to catalase (9.2 nm), and HDL-13 to lactate dehydrogenase (8.1 nm). HDL-1 to HDL-7 were found within the density range of HDL2b (d 1.063-1.10 g/ml), HDL-8 to HDL-10 within HDL2a (d 1.10-1.125 g/ml), and HDL-11 to HDL-14 within HDL3 (d 1.125-1.21 g/ml). On immunoblotting, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) was found in all HDL bands examined, being most prominent in HDL-6, 11, and 12. ApoA-II was not detected in HDL bands 1-5, but was present in all other HDL bands and was most prominent in HDL-9. ApoE was detected mainly in HDL bands 1-7, and was observed in only trace amounts in other bands. Lp A-I isolated by immunoaffinity column chromatography from the plasma of five subjects contained five subspecies (HDL-5, 6, and 11-13), while Lp A-I/A-II also had five subspecies (HDL-8, 9, and 11-13) in these subjects. In normal subjects (n = 57) four or five HDL bands were generally observed, with HDL-9, 11, and 12 being the most frequently observed. Mean HDL particle score (method of sizing based on scanning densitometry, where low score indicates large size and high score indicates small size) was significantly correlated (P < 0.001) with the concentrations of HDL cholesterol (r = -0.796), HDL free cholesterol (r = -0.780), HDL cholesteryl ester (r = -0.683), HDL phospholipid (r = -0.663), HDL apoA-I (r = -0.577), and HDL protein (r = -0.459), but not with HDL triglyceride (r = 0.069). In addition, HDL particle score was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with HDL total mass (r = -0.649), HDL free cholesterol content (% of total mass, r = -0.608), HDL triglyceride content (r = 0.415), HDL phospholipid content (r = -0.359), and HDL protein content (r = 0.295), but not with HDL cholesteryl ester content (r = -0.219) or HDL apoA-I content (r = 0.183).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗