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E J Robel

Publications and source records attributed to E J Robel.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Evaluation of egg injection of folic acid and effect of supplemental folic acid on hatchability and poult weight.

Two experiments were conducted with Large White turkey hens housed individually in cages in a conventional house. In Experiment 1, three dietary treatments were used: an unsupplemented practical corn-soybean meal basal diet; the basal diet supplemented with 2.64 mg folic acid/kg of diet; and the basal diet supplemented with 5.51 mg folic acid/kg of diet. Eggs from hens fed 2.64 mg folic acid/kg of diet were injected with folic acid in 20 injection trials over two production cycles. The response data from dietary supplemental folic acid were analyzed on a production period basis using all of the hens, and on a subset of hens producing eggs in each production period, for hatchability of fertile eggs and poult weight. The response patterns in each case were similar. Incremental dietary supplemental folic acid levels produced a positive linear response pattern on the transfer of folic acid in eggs, but did not result in a hatchability increase over the unsupplemented folic acid basal diet. Hatchability increase did not occur for eggs injected at 25 days of incubation with 19.3 micrograms folic acid per egg in 20 injection trials over two cycles of production. The results of the study indicate that hatchability is not increased in turkey eggs from hens fed supplemental folic acid or with egg folic acid injections. However, egg and poult weights were significantly increased (P < .05) in eggs containing 6 to 7 mg folic acid/g of dried egg, from hens fed 5.51 mg folic acid/kg of diet.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of egg injection method of pantothenic acid in turkey eggs and effect of supplemental pantothenic acid on hatchability.

Two experiments were conducted with a commercial strain cross of 120 Large White British United Turkeys of America to determine the effect of pantothenic acid egg injections and dietary pantothenic acid on hatchability. The hens were housed individually in cages in a conventional house. In Experiment 1, three dietary treatments were used: 1) an unsupplemented practical corn-soybean meal basal diet; 2) the basal diet supplemented with 37.4 mg pantothenic acid/kg; and 3) the basal diet supplemented with 74.8 mg pantothenic acid/kg. Incremental dietary supplemental pantothenic acid levels increased the transfer of pantothenic acid in eggs, but did not result in a hatchability increase over the unsupplemented pantothenic acid basal diet. The response patterns from dietary pantothenic acid for the reproductive variables were similar whether the data were analyzed on a production period basis using all of the hens or on a subset of hens producing eggs in each production period. In Experiment 2, with hens fed 37.4 mg supplemental pantothenic acid/kg of diet, hatchability did not increase in eggs injected with 1,800 micrograms pantothenic acid per egg as compared with uninjected eggs and eggs injected with the vitamin carrier solution. The results of the study indicate that hatchability was not increased in turkey eggs from hens fed supplemental pantothenic acid or with egg pantothenic acid injections, which suggests that pantothenic acid is not limiting for hatchability in commercial turkey hen diets that contain 10.5 mg/kg or more of pantothenic acid.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Effect of dietary supplemental pyridoxine levels on the hatchability of turkey eggs.

Two identical experiments were conducted each with 120 Large White turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of dietary pyridoxine supplementation for increasing hatchability. The hens were fed a basal corn and soybean meal diet. Weekly data responses were averaged across 5- to 6-wk timespans and recorded in three grouped time periods over the reproduction cycles. The hens were photostimulated at 31 wk of age and at 33 wk of age were assigned to dietary treatments containing 0, 6, 12, and 18 mg of supplemented pyridoxine/kg of diet. Thirty hens were fed each dietary treatment. In Experiment 1, eggs were collected for 4 days in the middle of each time period and egg yolk and albumen were assayed separately for vitamin B6. Although the vitamin B6 concentration in egg yolk was stable (1.9 micrograms/g dried basis), concentrations of vitamin B6 in egg albumen increased with incremental dietary pyridoxine levels; however, the average level of vitamin B6 in egg albumen was only 4% of the average level in egg yolk. About 37 micrograms of vitamin B6 per egg (82 g) was assayed in eggs from all treatments in the production periods. Incremental dietary levels of supplemented pyridoxine above the basal (unsupplemented pyridoxine) diet level did not result in increasing hatchability or egg vitamin B6 levels. Differences were not observed for 7-day or 28-day embryo deaths among treatments within the three 5- or 6-wk production periods of both experiments.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Increasing hatchability of turkey eggs by injecting eggs with pyridoxine.

1. In field trials, eggs from two flocks of Large White turkey hens were injected with about 0.2 ml saline solution containing 600 micrograms of pyridoxine hydrochloride in order to examine its effect on hatchability. 2. Also, in an aseptic laboratory trial, eggs from Large White turkey hens were injected with 0.2 ml of saline solution and 0.2 ml of saline solution containing 600 micrograms of pyridoxine hydrochloride. 3. In field trials, hatchability of pyridoxine-injected eggs was 4.6% higher (P less than 0.05) than the control (non-injected) eggs. 4. In the aseptic laboratory trial, hatchability of pyridoxine-injected eggs was 4.2% higher (P less than 0.05) than saline-injected and control (non-injected) eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The value of supplemental biotin for increasing hatchability of turkey eggs.

Two experiments were conducted with Large White Turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of supplemental biotin for increasing hatchability. No differences were observed for 7-day embryo deaths between treatments in both experiments. In the last two-thirds of the production cycle in both experiments, eggs from hens fed 520 micrograms and 623 micrograms/kg had the fewest embryonic deaths during Days 7 to 28 of incubation. Concentrations of biotin in egg albumen increased with incremental dietary biotin levels, but egg yolk concentrations were stable. About 38 micrograms of biotin per egg (82 g) produced highest embryo survival. Regression analysis, based on average percentage hatchability at the treatment levels for both experiments, revealed no hatchability response for Period 1 (first third of production cycle) from biotin. However, the dietary biotin level for hatchability increased with maternal age, which ranged from 500 to 800 micrograms/kg for Periods 2 (second third of production cycle) and 3 (last third of production cycle), respectively.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Levels of calcium and soluble collagen in turkey egg shell membranes.

1. This experiment examined the effect of weeks in egg production and type of housing confinement of turkey hens on calcium and soluble collagen levels in egg shell membranes; and discussion was given to their apparent relationship to gas exchange in turkey eggs. 2. The high level of acid-soluble collagen in inner and outer egg shell membranes of aging caged hens compared with the same aged floor-penned hens may have a relationship with the low hatchability generally recognized in caged hens. 3. The levels of calcium found in the outer shell membrane are low and appeared to decrease with the age of the hen. 4. There were no differences over time in levels of total collagen and neutral salt-soluble collagen (newly formed collagen) found in egg shell membranes of turkey hens confined in cages or floor pens. 5. It is suggested that the acid-soluble collagen levels found in inner shell membranes may have a relationship in limiting respiratory gas exchange during latter incubation time, and thus limit embryo survival.

Acids↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of avidin and biotin levels in eggs from turkey hens with high and low hatchability records.

Levels of biotin and avidin were assayed in eggs from Small White turkey hens having 12-15 week average hatchability of fertile egg records (HF) of 13 and 99%. The median level and concentration of avidin was higher in eggs of the 13% HF (2.72 mg and 42.5 micrograms/ml, respectively) as compared with the 99% HF (1.39 mg and 23.8 micrograms/ml, respectively). Calculations for total biotin to avidin binding in the eggs revealed that all eggs in the 13% HF and residual free avidin levels after total biotin was complexed to avidin. This complex formation is expected to have limited the availability of biotin for embryonic development.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Increasing hatchability of turkey eggs with biotin egg injections.

At 25 days of incubation, eggs from Large White turkey hens in two field trials were injected with 87 micrograms of exogenous d-biotin per egg. Hatchability of fertile biotin-injected eggs was significantly higher than that of control (noninjected) eggs. Hatchability values of fertile eggs were 4 and 5% higher for exogenous d-biotin-injected eggs than for control eggs for December 1985 and May 1986 trials, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Weight loss as related to body composition in aging white turkey hens.

Large and Small White turkey hens were housed in either cages or floor pens and fed a 17% protein breeder diet. At 0, 7, 14, and 23 weeks of egg production, entire carcasses from 6 hens in each of the four time periods were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorous. Both types of hens, regardless of housing type, had significant linear declines in body weight during egg production. On an absolute weight basis, significant decreasing trends occurred with aging for body moisture, protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorous in both strains and housing types; however, on a percentage basis the significant decreasing trends were evident only for calcium and phosphorous. The results of the data suggest that turkey diets should be designed to produce and maintain heavier body weights in turkey hens which then may prevent the decline in egg production.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

The effect of age of breeder hen on the levels of vitamins and minerals in turkey eggs.

Eggs (960) from each of six hens were selected from Large and Small White turkey hens housed in cages or floor pens and fed a standard 17% protein turkey breeder diet. Ten consecutive eggs laid between 2 to 5, 5 to 9, 12 to 16, and 19 to 23 weeks of the egg production cycle were analyzed for folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, biotin, selenium, and calcium. There were significant decreasing changes with aging for egg levels of pyridoxine, vitamin B12, and calcium but significant increasing changes with aging for egg levels of biotin between 4 to 20 weeks of production for all combinations of strains and housing types. There was a significant interaction between the effect of strain types, housing types, and aging for egg folic acid levels and a significant interaction between strains and aging for vitamin B12 levels. At 24 weeks of production all combinations of strains and housing types decreased to the lowest egg folic acid levels measured over the production season. Egg pantothenic acid and selenium levels did not change significantly with aging for either strain or housing type. In general, there were no significant correlations between dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals with vitamin or mineral levels deposited in eggs. These data suggest that changes in vitamin and mineral levels deposited in the egg are related to the aging process of the hen.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Relationships of age and body weight to reproductive traits in turkey hens.

An experiment was conducted for 23 weeks with 34 large white female turkeys and 86 small white female turkeys to determine productivity trends in aging turkey hens during the first year of production. Over the course of the egg production cycle, age significantly influenced all of the reproductive traits measured in both the large and small hens. For weeks 9 to 23 of the egg production cycle, egg production decreased by approximately 33 and 39%, egg mass by 25 and 30%, body weight by 4 and 1%, feed conversion (feed consumed/egg mass yield) decreased by 93 and 107%, egg weight increased by 12 and 11%, and dietary intake increased by 24 and 9% in large and small hens, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that there was a positive association of body weight with egg production, egg mass, and dietary intake up to approximately 10 kg in large hens and 6.5 kg in small hens.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

A feather abnormality in chicks fed diets deficient in certain amino acids.

A feather abnormality was observed in chicks during bio-assay investigations with eleven essential amino acids. As dietary valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine or phenylalanine and tyrosine levels decreased, a similar progressive feather abnormality became apparent. The outstanding feature of the feather abnormality was the concave structure of the feathers as they bent upward from the body. This structure gave the feathers a ragged appearance. The feather abnormality is described and illustrated. The percentage of dietary amino acids used were: valine, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, and 0.70; leucine, 0.60, 0.68, 0.76, and 0.82; isoleucine, 0.32, 0.38, 0.44, and 0.50; glycine, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45; or phenylalanine and tyrosine, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80. Chicks fed the highest level of valine (0.50%), histidine (0.15%) or methionine to cystine ratio of 1:1 (0.30%) had normal feathers. In contrast, chicks fed the highest levels of either leucine, isoleucine, glycine or phenylalanine and tyrosine had abnormal feathers.

Amino Acids, Essential↗