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Biomedical subjects

E J Milroy

Publications and source records attributed to E J Milroy.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Stricture disease: radiology of urethral stents.

Self-expanding metal stents are emerging as an effective alternative treatment in the management of urethral obstruction. The radiologic studies of 33 men with anterior urethral strictures (subprostatic, n = 11; bulbar, n = 22) that had recurred despite repeated optical urethrotomy and dilation were reported. In all patients, the stricture was successfully treated with stent insertion. Urethrography performed 1 month later in 19 patients showed an irregular intrastent lumen of varying degrees due to a hyperplastic urothelial reaction confirmed at endoscopy the same day. Available follow-up urethrograms in seven patients at 3 months showed that the hyperplasia was settling, and by 6 months, the intrastent lumen was smooth and of good caliber. Urethrography revealed postoperative structures in 14 patients. Strictures seen at 1 month (n = 6) were due to initial stent misplacement and were treated with the insertion of a second stent. Strictures seen 3 months after insertion (n = 4) occurred within the stent lumen and were considered to be significant at endoscopy in only one patient. Strictures that developed 6-12 months after stent insertion (n = 4) were not within the stent and were considered to represent genuine new strictures.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

European experience with the urethral Wallstent for urethral strictures.

We describe the use of the urethral Wallstent in 71 patients with urethral strictures. The stainless steel stent is self expanding when released from its endoscopic introducer. The results over a 3-year period have been good with only mild discomfort and slight urethral leakage for up to 3 months. Migration, infection and encrustation have not been a problem and serial endoscopic review shows healing to be variable but complete in up to 12 months. It is considered that this simple endoscopic technique offers a simple, safe and effective alternative to multiple dilatations, urethrotomies and urethroplasty procedures in patients with bulbar urethral strictures.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1990

Nerve fibre proliferation in interstitial cystitis.

The aetiology of pain in interstitial cystitis is not understood, although it has been reported to be due to release of mediators from mast cell granules. Cystolysis and intravesical instillation of dimethyl sulphoxide have been shown to relieve pain in this condition. We have studied the nerve population within the bladder wall using immunohistochemical stains for protein gene product 9.5. A group of 18 cases of chronic interstitial cystitis and 12 controls; neuropathic bladder (n = 1), chronic bacterial cystitis (n = 3), systemic lupus erythematosus cystitis (n = 2) and normals (n = 6), were investigated. There were significantly more nerve fibres within the sub-urothelial and detrusor muscle layers in chronic interstitial cystitis than there were in normals. Patients with chronic cystitis of other aetiology did not have a significant increase in nerve fibre density within the bladder wall suggesting a specific association between nerve fibre proliferation and interstitial cystitis. Cystolysis is shown to deplete selectively the submucosal nerve plexuses without altering the nerve density within detrusor muscle. This finding explains the desensitisation of the bladder without impairment of detrusor function after this procedure.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1990

Pre-operative localisation in primary hyperparathyroidism.

One hundred and seventy-three patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism over a four year period by one experienced surgeon are reviewed. An overall success rate of 98.8% was achieved with information from pre-operative localisation using ultrasound and parathyroid venography with sampling. Parathyroid ultrasound was heavily dependent on the experience of the operator. An experienced ultrasonologist detected 63% of solitary adenomas and correctly localised the site of 82%. Glands were not detected if they were of small size or in an inaccessible site. He identified all those enlarged glands over 0.36 grams in weight that were lying in the usual site. In contrast, inexperienced ultrasonologists had a detection rate of 20%. Parathyroid venography with sampling detected a single site of excess hormone production in the neck of 79% of patients with a single adenoma, and correctly localised the site in 75% of these. The side was correctly predicted for 63% of glands, the level was correctly predicted for 56% and both side and level localisations were correct in 44%. Multi-gland disease was correctly suggested by the experienced ultrasonologist in 56% of cases and by parathyroid venography with sampling in 31% cases.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

Bladder calculus formation as a complication of the Stamey procedure.

Three cases of bladder stone due to a migrated Stamey suture and cuff are reported. In each case peroperative cystoscopy confirmed that the sutures were extravesical. The Stamey cuff subsequently formed a nidus for intravesical stone formation. The mechanism of migration of the cuff, the radiological findings and the operative technique are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Permanently implanted urethral stent for prostatic obstruction in the unfit patient. Preliminary report.

We describe the use of a new urethral stent implanted into 12 patients with prostatic outflow obstruction. All were in a high risk group for surgery and 11 were treated successfully, with a follow-up of 1 to 11 months (median 9). The majority of patients were satisfied with the procedure, which provided a quick, safe and effective alternative to conventional surgical treatment. The stent, woven from fine stainless steel in the form of a tubular mesh, was inserted via a delivery device using combined ultrasound and endoscopic control under local anaesthesia. The procedure was well tolerated, the stent becoming covered with epithelium by 6 to 8 months following insertion, yet allowing easy removal within the first 4 to 6 weeks should the need arise. This technique provides a useful alternative to conventional surgical treatment in the high risk patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Permanent external striated sphincter stents in patients with spinal injuries.

Nine patients with complete quadriplegia underwent external striated sphincter stenting with the Wallstent in place of an external striated sphincterotomy. Although suprapubic catheters were placed to provide an outlet should problems develop with the stent, they were successfully removed within 6 weeks in all but 1 patient. Complete bladder emptying with reduced voiding pressures was achieved, together with a significant reduction in the duration of hyper-reflexic contractions. Epithelialisation of the stent was almost complete within 3 months and intermittent catheterisation or endoscopy (and resection) is possible through the stent. Although this is a preliminary report of this new technique, it is hoped that sphincter stenting will provide a rapid, safe and effective method of treating high pressure hyper-reflexia and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in quadriplegic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of flavoxate in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability.

Detrusor instability occurs in approximately 10% of the adult population, producing troublesome symptoms. The pharmacotherapy currently available is usually only partially effective and cannot be adequately evaluated except under "blind" conditions because of the significant component attributable to placebo effects. The results of the present study revealed no advantage resulting from treatment with flavoxate, as assessed both subjectively and objectively. We suggest that this therapy does not appear to be beneficial in the medical management of detrusor instability.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1990

A twelve-week placebo-controlled study of prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction.

Fifty-eight normotensive patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and maximum urinary flow rates of less than 15 ml/s were randomly assigned to receive a 12-week course of treatment with prazosin or placebo in a double-blind parallel group trial. Prazosin was administered orally in doses of 0.5 mg and then 1 mg twice daily for 4 days each and 2 mg twice daily for the remainder of the trial. Patients on treatment with prazosin had an increased urinary flow rate as compared to placebo with a significant reduction in maximum voiding detrusor pressure and maximum detrusor pressure at peak urinary flow. Although a significant effect on frequency was not demonstrated, standard parameters of detrusor instability were reduced. Investigators' double-blind overall assessment of efficacy significantly favoured the prazosin treatment. Twelve patients were excluded from the final analysis, 8 being withdrawn because of adverse effects, 5 on treatment with prazosin and 3 in the placebo group. Oral prazosin appears to be safe and effective in the long-term treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Autoradiographic analysis of alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hyperplastic human prostate.

Radioligand receptor binding and autoradiography were used to characterize, localize and compare alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptor populations in human benign prostatic hyperplastic tissue. The binding of selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 ligands, [3H]-prazosin and [3H]-UK 14,304, to homogenates of human central and peripheral prostate was saturable and of high affinity. Scatchard analysis produced an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 0.51 +/- 0.10 nM for alpha-1 adrenoceptors, and 2.34 +/- 0.40 nM for alpha-2 adrenoceptors. The mean densities, Bmax, of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors identified in the human adenomatous prostate were 65.9 +/- 12.9 and 36.1 +/- 7.0 fmoles/mg. protein respectively. Receptor autoradiography was used to examine the distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors [( 3H]-QNB), alpha-1 adrenoceptors [( 3H]-prazosin]), and alpha-2 adrenoceptors [( 3H]-rauwolscine) on consecutive sections of benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Although both subtypes of adrenoceptor were seen in the stromal component of the hyperplastic prostate, there was a substantial predominance of alpha-1 adrenoceptors. A densitometric computer-assisted analysis was performed on the autoradiographic slides to determine the mean ratio of specific alpha-1: alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the stromal compartment of the hyperplastic tissue. The ratio, expressed as % grain occupancy/unit area, was 3.9 +/- 0.75, which is in agreement with a functional alpha-1 adrenoceptor predominance shown in previous studies. Although sparsely distributed in the stroma, a dense alpha-2 adrenoceptor population was seen in association with blood vessels, and in close proximity to the base of some of the [3H]-QNB-labelled prostatic glandular epithelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1989

A new treatment for urethral strictures: a permanently implanted urethral stent.

We describe a new urethral stent, originally developed for endovascular use, that we have implanted into 8 patients with urethral strictures. The stent is woven in the form of a tubular mesh from surgical grade stainless steel wire and is self-expanding when released from its small diameter delivery catheter. All patients have been treated successfully with a good caliber urethra visible on urethrography and direct endoscopy, and with improved urine flow rates. Mean followup of these patients is 8 months (range 6 months to 1 year). Urethroscopy had demonstrated complete epithelial covering of the implant at 4 to 6 months. Although the followup is short it seems that this simple technique may offer a lasting treatment for many urethral strictures.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Bonney's blue cystitis: a warning.

The instillation of diluted Bonney's blue into the bladder during gynaecological operations has been quite common practice over the last 50 years. Bonney's blue is composed of a 1:1 mixture of brilliant green and crystal violet dissolved in ethanol (90%) or industrial methylated spirit. Before insertion into the bladder this solution must be diluted with water to a 0.5% solution. Failure to do this will result in a severe inflammatory reaction within the bladder. The degree of resultant damage depends upon the duration of exposure. Persistent pain is a feature of this condition, although the other symptoms (frequency and urgency) may settle in time. Two cases of chemical cystitis resulting from the use of undiluted Bonney's blue are described to illustrate the possible consequences. Both patients were awarded 6-figure sums as compensation.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1989

A new stent for the treatment of urethral strictures. Preliminary report.

We describe a new urethral stent which was implanted into 12 patients with urethral strictures. The stent is woven in the form of a tubular mesh from fine stainless steel wire and is self-expanding when released from its small diameter delivery catheter. All patients have been treated successfully, with a good calibre urethra visible on urethrography and direct endoscopy and with improved urine flow rates. The mean follow-up of these patients was 7 months (range 2-13). Urethroscopy demonstrated complete epithelial covering of the implant in 4 to 6 months. Although the follow-up period was short, it seems that this simple technique may offer a lasting treatment for many urethral strictures. A longer follow-up will be necessary to exclude late complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Contemporary flow meters: an assessment of their accuracy and reliability.

The accuracy, reliability and cost effectiveness of 5 currently marketed flow meters have been assessed. The mechanics of each meter is briefly described in relation to its accuracy and robustness. The merits and faults of the meters are discussed and the important features of flow measurements that need to be taken into account when making diagnostic interpretations are emphasised.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1989

Characterisation of human prostatic adrenoceptors using pharmacology receptor binding and localisation.

Benign prostatic enlargement is a common cause of bladder outlet obstruction. Recent work has demonstrated the important role played by the sympathetic nervous system in the control of prostatic muscle tone. Although isometric muscle strip studies and clinical trials have highlighted the influence of alpha-1 adrenoceptors, radioisotope ligand binding studies have demonstrated a relatively increased density of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the muscle within prostatic tissue, the significance of which is as yet unexplained. Forty patients entered a study using pharmacological muscle strip experiments, radioligand binding assays and receptor autoradiography. Pharmacological data from these studies confirmed that contraction of prostatic muscle is mediated predominantly by alpha-1 adrenoceptor stimulation, with no evidence of significant alpha-2 adrenoceptor or cholinergic mediated effects. Radioligand binding studies confirmed that there is a higher concentration of alpha-1 binding sites as contrasted to alpha-2 within normal prostate, but that this relationship approaches equity in adenomatous prostate. Autoradiographic localisation demonstrated that alpha-1 adrenoceptor binding is predominant within prostatic stroma with only a small component of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in this compartment. This comprehensive study supports the suggestion that prostatic muscular contraction is controlled by the influence of the sympathetic nervous system acting via alpha-1 adrenoceptors. These findings support the therapeutic use of specific alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Asymptomatic bladder neck incompetence in nulliparous females.

This study investigated 29 nulliparous women using the technique of transvaginal ultrasound to assess whether their bladder necks were open or closed at rest. The patients comprised 2 groups: 4 reported occasional episodes of stress incontinence, all of whom had closed bladder necks; the remaining 25 patients were totally asymptomatic. Overall a 21% incidence of an open bladder neck was recorded. It is likely that the true incidence of open bladder necks in young nulliparous women is higher than this, since none of these patients had troublesome stress incontinence. Since women with open bladder necks are more likely to develop stress incontinence if the integrity of the distal sphincter mechanism is compromised by neural damage, antenatal recognition of this problem should provide a contraindication to traumatic vaginal delivery and may in the future reduce the incidence of symptomatic stress incontinence in the population.

Adult↗