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E J Martin

Publications and source records attributed to E J Martin.

54 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of nonacademic variables in passing the National Council Licensure Examination.

This study addressed the relationship between performance on the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) and differences in test anxiety, cognitions related to testing, and academic performance among 102 senior bachelor's degree nursing students. The study design was correlational and prospective in nature. Test anxiety was measured by the Test Anxiety Inventory; cognitions were measured by the Cognitive Assessment Tool; quality point average and Student Aptitude Test scores measured academic aptitude. Subjects, recruited from two universities in western Pennsylvania, were interviewed and completed the self-report measures. Three months later, NCLEX scores were collected on each subject. Pearson's product moment correlation, multiple regression, and chi 2 statistics were used to analyze the data. Research findings indicated that test anxiety was inversely related to passing score on the NCLEX. Academic aptitude positively correlated with passing score on the NCLEX. Negative cognitions were not inversely related to pass rate on the NCLEX. Multiple regression demonstrated that self-perceived grades and self-predicted NCLEX scores were the best predictors of actual NCLEX scores. Significant chi 2 statistics indicated that subjects successful on the NCLEX were more likely to believe they were good test-takers and reported more facilitative thoughts during exams than those who failed the NCLEX.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oriented substituent pharmacophore PRopErtY space (OSPPREYS): a substituent-based calculation that describes combinatorial library products better than the corresponding product-based calculation.

Initial combinatorial library designs were based on 2D substituent properties. Subsequently, two important extensions were introduced to improve the approach: use of pharmacophores to introduce 3D information, and performing calculations on the enumerated library products rather than just on the substituents. Unfortunately, practical compromises due to the large number of possible products, the large number of conformations per product, and the explicit dependence on the scaffold limit the application of these extensions in five important ways: (1) to small virtual libraries, (2) to only 3- or 4-point pharmacophores, (3) to inadequate conformational sampling, (4) to simplistic diversity measures, and (5) to requiring a complete new calculation for every new library. The 3D oriented substituent pharmacophores have been developed to overcome these limitations. These add two additional points and corresponding distances to each substituent pharmacophore. This adds little additional computation beyond a normal 3D pharmacophore calculation on the substituents, but recaptures most of the orienting information lost in breaking up the enumerated products into fragments. Two main approximations are still implicitly required: the combinatorial conformer assumption and the template alignment assumption. In turn, however, they are designed to account not just for the 3- and 4-point pharmacophores, but for pharmacophores with up to 9 points in enumerated products with three sites of diversity. Perhaps more importantly, pharmacophore calculations are shown to be very sensitive to conformational sampling. The small number of substituents, plus the small number of rotatable bonds per substituent, permits very thorough conformational sampling. For a rigid scaffold with three diversity sites of 1,000 candidate substituents each, the number of molecules to analyze is reduced by a factor of 10(6), and the number of conformations per molecule is reduced by another 10(4). In addition, the modest number of pairwise substituent similarities permits the creation of a Euclidean property space by MDS. This allows for sophisticated experimental design methods that require coordinates, rather than just the counting of the number of set bits in a library union fingerprint. Finally, oriented substituent calculations are scaffold independent and transferable. They can be stored in a database and need not be repeated for every new library. Thus, there are some approximations in the correspondence between oriented substituent pharmacophore similarities and enumerated product pharmacophore similarities. However, these errors are minor compared to the five advantages that the new method enables: large virtual library sizes, thorough conformational sampling, accounting for 1- to 9-point pharmacophores, creation of a Euclidean property space, and a reusable database of precomputed substituent values.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of head tilt on perception of self-orientation while in a greater than one G environment.

The effect of head tilt on the perception of self-orientation while in a greater than one G environment was studied in nine subjects using the Armstrong Laboratory Dynamic Environment Simulator. After a 12-s stabilization period at a constant head tilt and G level, subjects reported their perception of the horizon by placing their right hand in a position they believed to be horizontal. Head tilt conditions ranged from -30 degrees to +45 degrees pitch over each of three head yaw positions. G levels ranged from one to four and were in the longitudinal axis of the body (Gz). Hand position was recorded in both the pitch and roll body axes. A function of head tilt did improve the fit of a multiple regression model to the collected data in both the pitch and roll axes (P < .05). The best fit was accomplished with a nonlinear function of G and head pitch. When the head remained level but the environment tilted with respect to the G vector (at angles similar to those perceived during head tilt), subjects accurately reported the environmental tilt. Head tilt under G can result in vestibular-based illusionary perception of environmental tilt. Actual environmental tilt is accurately perceived due to added channels of haptic information.

Female↗