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Biomedical subjects

E Inoue

Publications and source records attributed to E Inoue.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Signal intensity changes in T2-weighted MR image of the human trapezius muscle upon cold pressor stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: The ability to measure hemodynamics of skeletal muscle proper is one of the major goals for muscle pain researchers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of signal intensity (SI) in T2-weighted trapezius muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect intramuscular hemodynamic changes during cold pressor stimulation (CPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25.9+/-2.1 years) participated in this study. T2-weighted MRI was acquired using a 1.5 tesla MR unit with a body array coil. The slice level was set perpendicular to the muscle long axis at the mid-point of the horizontal portion of the right trapezius muscle. Cold pressor stimulation (4 degrees C) was applied to each subject's right foot and ankle for 2 min. The SI changes were recorded continuously for 7 min before, 2 min during, and 6 min after withdrawal of cold pressor stimulation. Six of these subjects also underwent a mock-CPS trial. RESULTS: The mean SI level in T2-weighted trapezius muscle MRI significantly increased during CPS (P<0.0001, one way repeated measure ANOVA) and returned to the baseline level after cold pressor withdrawal. No statistically significant signal changes were observed across the mock-CPS trial subjects. These findings are identical to the cold pressor-induced hemodynamic changes documented in the trapezius muscle by near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: SI measurement in T2-weighted trapezius muscle MRI is sufficiently sensitive to detect intramuscular hemodynamic changes during CPS.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Development of bacterial expression system with high yield of CYP3A7, a human fetus-specific form of cytochrome P450.

In an E. coli expression system for human cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7), holo-CYP3A7 was not expressed as judged by CO-difference spectra, although apo-CYP3A7 was clearly detected by Western blot analysis. Unlike CYP3A7, CYP3A4 was expressed efficiently as a hemoprotein in E. coli transformed with a CYP3A4 expression plasmid. To achieve the high yield of the holo-CYP3A7 in E. coli, we examined a causal residue(s) preventing the expression of the holo-CYP3A7 using the chimeric gene of CYP3A4 with CYP3A7. It was found that the region between residues 405 and 503 of CYP3A7 was responsible for the prevention of the holo-CYP3A7 expression in E. coli. Among amino acids examined, substitution of Thr at position 485 in CYP3A7 with Pro, which is at the corresponding position of CYP3A4, resulted in an increase in the amount of holo-CYP3A7. The Thr residue was adjacent to the heme-binding region of CYP3A7. Thus, it appeared that the incorporation of heme into CYP3A7 was possibly affected by this particular amino acid residue. Moreover, holo-CYP3A7 was expressed efficiently when CYP3A7 was co-expressed with molecular chaperone GroEL, known to assist the correct folding of unfolded proteins. Dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylation was catalyzed by CYP3A7 expressed in the presence of GroEL.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Low-cost soft-copy display accuracy in the detection of pulmonary nodules by single-exposure dual-energy subtraction: comparison with hard-copy viewing.

This study endeavored to clarify the usefulness of single-exposure dual-energy subtraction computed radiography (CR) of the chest and the ability of soft-copy images to detect low-contrast simulated pulmonary nodules. Conventional and bone-subtracted CR images of 25 chest phantom image sets with a low-contrast nylon nodule and 25 without a nodule were interpreted by 12 observers (6 radiologists, 6 chest physicians) who rated each on a continuous confidence scale and marked the position of the nodule if one was present. Hard-copy images were 7 x 7-inch laser-printed CR films, and soft-copy images were displayed on a 21-inch noninterlaced color CRT monitor with an optimized dynamic range. Soft-copy images were adjusted to the same size as hard-copy images and were viewed under darkened illumination in the reading room. No significant differences were found between hard- and soft-copy images. In conclusion, the soft-copy images were found to be useful in detecting low-contrast simulated pulmonary nodules.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Importance of spatial activation of Cdc42 and rac small G proteins by frabin for microspike formation in MDCK cells.

BACKGROUND: Frabin is an actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein that shows GDP/GTP exchange activity for Cdc42 small G protein (Cdc42). Frabin furthermore induces indirect activation of Rac small G protein (Rac) in intact cells. We have recently shown that in nonepithelial cells, frabin induces the formation of both filopodia- and lamellipodia-like processes through the activation of Cdc42 and Rac, respectively. In epithelial cells such as MDCK cells, Cdc42 and Rac regulate cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs) via the accumulation of F-actin and E-cadherin, although neither Cdc42 nor Rac induces the formation of filopodia or lamellipodia. In this study, we have examined the effects of frabin on the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in MDCK cells. RESULTS: Frabin induces the formation of microspikes at the basal area of the lateral membranes through the activation of Cdc42 and Rac in MDCK cells, although a dominant active mutant of Cdc42 or Rac alone, or both, did not induce the formation of microspikes. Furthermore, frabin weakly increased the accumulation of F-actin and E-cadherin at cell-cell AJs and the formation of stress fibres through the activation of Cdc42 and Rac, under conditions where the dominant active mutant of Cdc42 or Rac markedly showed these effects. The Cdc42- and Rac-induced formation of stress fibres was dependent on the activation of Rho small G protein. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the frabin-dependent spatial activation of Cdc42 and Rac is important for the formation of microspikes.

Actins↗
PubMed2000

Membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted orientation (MAGI)-1/brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein (BAP1) as a scaffolding molecule for Rap small G protein GDP/GTP exchange protein at tight junctions.

BACKGROUND: Membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) with inverted orientation (MAGI)-1/brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein (BAP1), is a member of the MAGUK family that has multiple PDZ domains and interacts with many transmembrane proteins, including receptors and channels, through these domains. MAGI-1/BAP1 is ubiquitously expressed and localized at tight junctions in epithelial cells. It is an isoform of the neurone-specific synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM), which is known to interact with NMDA receptors and neuroligins. We have recently found that S-SCAM also interacts with a signalling molecule, a GDP/GTP exchange protein (GEP) that is specific for Rap1 small G protein, Rap GEP, which has also recently been referred to as RA-GEF/PDZ-GEFI/CNras-GEF. In this study, we have examined whether MAGI-1/BAP1 also interacts with and serves as a scaffolding molecule for Rap GEP at tight junctions in epithelial cells. RESULTS: MAGI-1/BAP1 similarly interacted with Rap GEP in cell-free and intact cell systems. A Northern blot analysis revealed that Rap GEP was expressed in most tissues examined. However, neither postsynaptic density (PSD)-95/synapse-associated protein (SAP) 90 (another member of the MAGUK family) nor SAP97/human discs-large tumour suppressor gene product (another ubiquitously expressed MAGUK localizing to adherens junctions in epithelial cells and the isoform of PSD-95/SAP90) interacted with Rap GEP. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that MAGI-1/BAP1 serves as a scaffolding molecule for Rap GEP at tight junctions in epithelial cells.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1999

An FH domain-containing Bnr1p is a multifunctional protein interacting with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Proteins containing formin homology domains, FH1 and FH2, are involved in cytokinesis or establishment of cell polarity in a variety of organisms. Bni1p and Bnr1p are FH proteins and potential targets of the Rho family small GTP-binding proteins in S. cerevisiae. We have shown that Bnr1p is localized at the bud neck to interact with Hof1p, involved in cytokinesis. We report here that the overexpression of BNR1 causes a cytokinesis deficiency which is similar to the phenotypes of the septin mutants, including cdc3, cdc10, cdc11, and cdc12. The region required for the septin mutant phenotypes was mapped to Bnr1p (35-500), which coincided with the region required for the bud-neck localization. To further isolate a gene interacting with BNI1 or BNR1, a multicopy suppressor of the bni1 bnr1 mutant was isolated. This gene encoded Smy1p, a kinesin-related protein. Bnr1p, but not Bni1p, directly interacted with the C-terminal region of Smy1p. The Smy1p-interacting region of Bnr1p was mapped to a region containing the FH2 domain. Bnr1p also directly interacted with Bud6p, a novel actin-binding protein. Bnr1p is thus a multifunctional protein which interacts with the septin system, a microtubule-dependent motor protein, and the actin system, to regulate cytoskeletal functions in S. cerevisiae.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1999

nRap GEP: a novel neural GDP/GTP exchange protein for rap1 small G protein that interacts with synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM).

Synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM) has six PDZ domains through which it interacts with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and neuroligin at synaptic junctions. We isolated here a novel S-SCAM-binding protein. This protein has one PDZ, one Ras association, one Ras GDP/GTP exchange protein (Ras GEP) domain, and one C-terminal consensus motif for binding to PDZ domains. We named it nRap GEP (neural Rap GEP). nRap GEP moreover has an incomplete cyclic AMP (cAMP)-binding (CAB) domain. The domain organization of nRap GEP is similar to that of Epac/cAMP-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) I, except that Epac/cAMP-GEFI has complete CAB and Ras GEP domains but lacks the other two domains and the C-terminal motif. nRap GEP showed GEP activity for Rap1 but did not bind cAMP. nRap GEP was specifically expressed in rat brain. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that nRap GEP and S-SCAM were localized at synaptic areas of the cerebellum. These results suggest that nRap GEP is a novel neural Rap1-specific GEP which is associated with S-SCAM.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1999

Bni1p regulates microtubule-dependent nuclear migration through the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The RHO1 gene encodes a yeast homolog of the mammalian RhoA protein. Rho1p is localized to the growth sites and is required for bud formation. We have recently shown that Bni1p is one of the potential downstream target molecules of Rho1p. The BNI1 gene is implicated in cytokinesis and the establishment of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but is not essential for cell viability. In this study, we screened for mutations that were synthetically lethal in combination with a bni1 mutation and isolated two genes. They were the previously identified PAC1 and NIP100 genes, both of which are implicated in nuclear migration in S. cerevisiae. Pac1p is a homolog of human LIS1, which is required for brain development, whereas Nip100p is a homolog of rat p150(Glued), a component of the dynein-activated dynactin complex. Disruption of BNI1 in either the pac1 or nip100 mutant resulted in an enhanced defect in nuclear migration, leading to the formation of binucleate mother cells. The arp1 bni1 mutant showed a synthetic lethal phenotype while the cin8 bni1 mutant did not, suggesting that Bni1p functions in a kinesin pathway but not in the dynein pathway. Cells of the pac1 bni1 and nip100 bni1 mutants exhibited a random distribution of cortical actin patches. Cells of the pac1 act1-4 mutant showed temperature-sensitive growth and a nuclear migration defect. These results indicate that Bni1p regulates microtubule-dependent nuclear migration through the actin cytoskeleton. Bni1p lacking the Rho-binding region did not suppress the pac1 bni1 growth defect, suggesting a requirement for the Rho1p-Bni1p interaction in microtubule function.

Actins↗
PubMed1998

Indications for hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma - what stage of the disease is the best indication for surgery?

To determine the clinical and tumor stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is the best indication for surgery, the postoperative long-term outcomes of patients who underwent hepatic resection were examined retrospectively. Of 975 patients with HCC who underwent regional therapy, 384 patients (39%) received hepatic resection (HR), 534 (55%) had transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and the remaining 57 (6%) received percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) into the tumor. The criteria defined by liver Cancer Study Group of Japan was used for staging and liver functional reserve (i.e., clinical staging). In the 133 patients with stage I HCC, there were no significant differences among the survivals of the HR, TACE, and PEI groups. In the 314 patients with stage II HCC, the 5- and 7-year survival rates were 51% and 46% in the HR group, 23% and 10% in the TACE group, and 0% and 0% in the PEI group. The survival of the HR group was significantly better than the survivals of the TACE and PEI groups (P < 0.001). The 5- and 10-year survivals of the stage II HCC patients who had HR were 64% and 47% in the clinical stage I (i.e., good liver function) group, significantly better than the 5; and 10-year survivals (32% and 23%) in the clinical stage II (i.e., bad liver function) group (P < 0.0001). Patients with good liver function in stage II are expected to have better survival and are considered to be the most suitable for HR.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Age-dependent telomere shortening is slowed down by enrichment of intracellular vitamin C via suppression of oxidative stress.

Telomeres in eukaryotic somatic cells are destined to the age-dependent shortening, which has not been demonstrated to correlate to direct lesion of telomeric DNA by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI); still less explicable is the inhibitory effect of ROI-scavenging on telomere shortening. Here, we succeeded in artificial slowdown of age-dependent telomere shortening to 52-62% of the untreated control, in human vascular endothelial cells, by addition of the oxidation-resistant type of ascorbic acid (Asc), Asc-2-O-phosphate (Asc2P), which concurrently achieved both extension of cellular life-span and prevention of cell size enlargement indicative of cellular senescence. The results are attributable to a 3.9-fold more marked enrichment of intracellular Asc (Asc(in)) by addition of Asc2P, subsequently dephosphorylated before or during transmembrane influx, than by addition of Asc itself, and also attributed to diminution of intracellular ROI to 53% of the control level by Asc2P; telomerase activity was at a trace level and underwent an age-dependent decline, which was significantly decelerated by Asc2P. Thus, age-dependent telomere-shortening can be decelerated by suppression of intracellular oxidative stress and/or by telomerase retention, both of which are achieved by enriched Asc(in) but not by extracellular Asc overwhelmingly more abundant than Asc(in).

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Spiral CT during pharmacoangiography with angiotensin II in patients with pancreatic disease. Technique and diagnostic efficacy.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic efficacy of pancreatic pharmacoangiographic CT using angiotensin II with conventional angiographic CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with space-occupying pancreatic disease were examined in this study. Pharmacoangiographic CT was performed with a 1-3 micrograms/6-ml solution of angiotensin II injected through a catheter into the celiac artery during spiral CT. RESULTS: In 17 of the 18 (94%) patients, the area of pancreatic parenchymal enhancement was the same or larger at pharmacoangiographic CT than at conventional angiographic CT. The attenuation value of the pancreatic parenchyma was significantly increased at pharmacoangiographic CT (p = 0.0010). Although the attenuation value of tumors was also increased on images obtained after the injection of angiotensin II, the tumor-to-pancreas contrast was significantly greater at pharmacoangiographic CT (p = 0.0479). The mean differences in attenuation between tumor and pancreas at angiographic CT with and without angiotensin II were respectively 182 HU and 115 HU. CONCLUSION: Pharmacoangiographic CT with angiotensin II proved superior to conventional angiographic CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. We therefore recommend it as a supplementary technique at the angiographic examination of patients with suspected pancreatic tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Our initial experience with SMANCS in TAE for liver cancer].

To evaluate the efficacy and adverse reaction of SMANCS, we reviewed 10 cases treated by TAE with SMANCS among 896 cases treated by TAE for liver cancer during the past three years at our institute. Our criteria for using SMANCS were as follows: a) reduced effectiveness of past TAE with Lipiodol, hydrophilic drugs and gelatin sponge; b) sufficient caliber and blood flow in the hepatic artery; and c) good hepatic function. The 1- and 2-year survival rates after treatment with SMANCS were 50% and 25%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year survival rates after initial treatment (first TAE, etc.) were 40% and 20%, respectively. There were no significant complications in clinical course, however, subsequent hepatic arteriogram often showed arterial change that may interfere with further regional therapy for the liver.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Oral administration of lens homogenate suppresses antibody production in mice injected with beta-crystallin emulsified in CFA.

Auto-antibodies (Abs) against lens antigens (Ags) are present in most patients with age-related cataract, and with complement they kill lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vitro. We studied, in an animal model, whether cytotoxic Abs against lens Ags can be suppressed by oral administration of the Ags. Mice were fed calf lens homogenate, 4 mg/mouse, every 4 days for 4-5 weeks, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) before and after immunisation with beta-crystallins emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Sera from these animals were analysed for Abs to beta-crystallins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein blot analysis. In addition, we studied the proliferative response of T-lymphocytes to beta-crystallins. The titer of anti-beta-crystallin Abs in the control animals fed BSA gradually increased to 1.5 x 10(-6) by the 5th week after the first injection. In contrast, the titer of anti-beta-crystallin Abs in animals fed calf lens homogenate was reduced to 30-70% of the control. Feeding lens homogenate prior to or concomitant with beta-crystallins immunization, was more effective than feeding after immunization (65% suppression vs. 30% suppression, respectively). Also the proliferative response of T-lymphocytes to beta-crystallins in mice fed homogenate was suppressed significantly. Thus, oral administration of lens homogenate is a specific and nontoxic method of suppressing anti-beta-crystallin Ab production in mice. We are exploring the therapeutic value of oral administration of lens proteins in age-related cataract.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Gastric lesions in 76 patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Endoscopic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Gastric lesions in ATLL have not been described precisely, whereas the clinical features of ATLL have been well documented. The goal of the present study was to review gastric lesions, including gastric involvement, of patients with ATLL who were admitted to our hospital. METHODS: Endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed on 76 of 110 patients who were admitted to our hospital between 1981 and 1994. Gastric involvement was diagnosed by histologic examination of biopsy specimens of gastric lesions. Types of gastric lesions, histologic features, and survival periods in patients with ATLL were summarized. RESULTS: Of the 76 patients with ATLL who underwent an endoscopic examination, 23 had gastric involvement (30.3%). Twenty-seven patients had other gastric lesions: 10 with peptic ulcers (13.2%), 8 with gastric erosions (10.5%), 3 with submucosal tumors (3.9%), 2 with hyperplastic polyps (2.6%), 1 with gastric adenoma (1.3%), and 3 with gastric carcinomas (3.9%). The most frequent endoscopic configuration of gastric involvement with ATLL was the diffuse type with ulceration, and the most common histology was large cell type. Among those with the acute type ATLL, the survival period of those patients with gastric involvement was less than that of the patients without gastric involvement. In contrast, the survival period for lymphoma type ATLL did not differ among the groups regardless of gastric involvement. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that 30.3% of patients with ATLL had gastric involvement and 13.2% had peptic ulcers. Gastric involvement of ATLL was one of the prognostic factors in acute type ATLL, whereas it had no influence on the prognosis of lymphoma type ATLL.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Clinical features of small hepatocellular carcinomas as assessed by histologic grades.

BACKGROUND: Ninety-seven patients with small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) measuring 3 cm or less in size and three patients with adenomatous hyperplasia who underwent radical hepatic resection were examined in this study. METHODS: The lesions were classified into four groups according to the following histologic grading criteria: group A, adenomatous hyperplasia (n = 3); group B, early HCC (n = 6); group C, well-differentiated HCC (wHCC) (n = 32); and group D, moderately or poorly differentiated HCC (n = 59). The involvement factors that seemed to be important or to characterize the progression of HCC and the survival rates were compared among the four histologic groups. RESULTS: The frequency of patients with tumors larger than 2.0 cm in size and that of patients with 200 or more ng/ml serum alpha-fetoprotein increased with the progression of histologic malignancy. Tumor staining on the angiogram, capsular formation, and extranodular invasion were never seen in groups A and B, but they began to appear in group C and increased remarkably in group D. The 5-year survival rates of the patients in groups B, C, and D were 100%, 60%, and 27%, respectively, and statistically significant differences were seen among them. In comparative evaluation of the group C patients the lesions that showed no tumor staining had no capsule, and those that had no capsule had no extranodular invasion. The 5-year survival rate of patients with wHCC without extranodular invasion (81%) was significantly higher than that of patients with extranodular invasion (35%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It may be recommended to provide the category of wHCC without extranodular invasion for pathologic classification of clinically early HCC (i.e., HCC of high curability).

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Establishment and evaluation of a new chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen adapted to the fully automated ACCESS system.

We have established a new chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), designated ACCESS CEA, which is adapted to the fully automated ACCESS immunoassay analyzer. The assay is based on a one step sandwich-type method using two monoclonal antibodies, one of which is immobilized on micrometer-size paramagnetic particles and the other is conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Ten microliters of calibrators or sera are incubated for 5 minutes at 37 degrees C with the particles and with the alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The particles are then magnetically separated and washed to remove unbound components. Time needed to obtain the first result is less than 15 minutes. The assay range was 0.04-1000 micrograms/l of CEA, and the possible high-dose hook effect was prevented at CEA concentrations up to 100000 micrograms/l in this working range. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intra-assay precision was 3.0 to 4.7%, and inter-assay CV was 3.4 to 5.6%. The sample carryover was less than 0.001%. The analytical recovery ranged from 98 to 104% and a dilution linearity was demonstrated. No interference was detected in any sample with levels up to 300 mg/l for bilirubin, 12000 mg/l for haemoglobin, 50000 mg/l for human serum albumin, 8500 mg/l for triacylglycerol, and 500000 IU/l for rheumatoid factor. The ACCESS CEA assay also showed very homogeneous reactivity with purified CEA preparations from different tumours and could discriminate CEA from four CEA-related normal antigens tested. Serum samples (n = 362) from patients with malignant or non-malignant disease, as well as from healthy individuals, were analyzed by the ACCESS CEA assay and by the established IMx CEA assay. The CEA values determined by the ACCESS CEA assay were in good agreement with those determined by the IMx CEA assay, and the ACCESS CEA assay significantly increased the sensitivity and specificity of tumour diagnosis as compared with the IMx CEA assay.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
PubMed1996

[Antibacterial activity of sulopenem, a new parenteral penem antibiotic].

Sulopenem, a new penem antibiotic, was compared with other antibiotics with regard to in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activities, stabilization against beta-lactamases, and effect on the release of lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Sulopenem showed more potent activities than other antibiotics against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2. Sulopenem showed potent bactericidal activities (MIC/MBC) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Time kill studies against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii showed potent bactericidal activities of sulopenem. 3. Sulopenem was found to possess a stronger activity than other antibiotics against beta-lactamase-producing strains except P. aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. 4. In particular, sulopenem was found to be more stable to the hydrolysis by various beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria than any other antibiotics tested. Vmax/Km values of sulopenem were smaller than those of cefotiam for all tested beta-lactamases, which reflected a broad antibacterial spectrum of sulopenem. 5. E. coli ML4707 exposed to sulopenem and imipenem released less endotoxin than did controls at all concentration ranges tested. In contrast, the strain exposed to ceftazidime at bacteriostatic concentrations released a large amount of endotoxin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗