[Effect of calcium antagonist, etafenone hydrochloride, on the contractile responses in rabbit pulmonary artery and descending aorta strips (author's transl)].
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Biomedical subjects
E Inada
Publications and source records attributed to E Inada.
Blood coagulation and autologous blood transfusion in cardiac surgery.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To review the basic pathophysiology of altered coagulation associated with cardiopulmonary bypass and autologous blood transfusion in cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Review of rational use of heparin, mechanisms and treatment of coagulation disorders, and autologous blood transfusion. SETTING: Cardiac surgery in community and academic hospitals. PATIENTS: Adult cardiac surgical patients. MAIN RESULTS: Heparin is most commonly used for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Although activated clotting time is widely used to assess heparin-induced anticoagulation, the minimum time to prevent clotting during cardiopulmonary bypass remains unclear. Activated clotting time is affected by many factors other than heparin, such as antithrombin III, blood temperature, platelet count, and age. The rational use of activated clotting time still must be defined. The frequency of abnormal bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass is significant. Although inadequate surgical hemostasis is the most frequent cause of bleeding, altered coagulation often is present. A decreased number of functional platelets is one of the important causes of bleeding diathesis. Platelet dysfunction is induced by perioperative medication such as aspirin. Cardiopulmonary bypass decreases functional platelets by degranulation, fragmentation, and loss of fibrinogen receptors. Medications such as prostacyclin and iloprost may be useful to protect these platelets. Desmopressin increases factor VIII:C and von Willebrand's factor, leading to a decrease in bleeding time. Desmopressin may be useful to decrease blood loss in repeat cardiac operations, complex cardiac surgery, and abnormal postoperative bleeding. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting immediately after streptokinase infusion also are at risk for abnormal bleeding. Transfusion of fresh-frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate may be necessary. Autologous blood transfusion is cost-effective and the safest way to avoid or decrease homologous blood transfusion. Predonation, intraoperative salvage, and postoperative salvage are encouraged. Erythropoietin may be useful in increasing the amount of predonation red cells. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulation disorders in cardiac surgery are caused by many factors, such as heparin, platelet dysfunction, and fibrinolysis. Rational use of blood component therapy and medications such as heparin, protamine, and desmopressin are mandatory. Autologous blood transfusion is very useful in decreasing or obviating the use of homologous blood transfusion.
Adult↗
Effect of nicardipine and diltiazem on internal carotid artery blood flow velocity and local cerebral blood flow during cerebral aneurysm surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the hemodynamic effects of a bolus injection of nicardipine 1 mg or diltiazem 5 mg on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and internal carotid blood flow velocity (ICBFV) with isoflurane anesthesia. DESIGN: Randomized study. SETTING: Inpatient neurosurgery and anesthesia clinic at a city hospital. PATIENTS: 26 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who were scheduled for cerebral aneurysm clipping. INTERVENTIONS: A bolus injection of either nicardipine or diltiazem was administered to patients whose systolic blood pressure increased to over 150 mmHg after opening of the dura. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After the bolus injection, both drugs rapidly decreased arterial blood pressure. Nicardipine increased LCBF [before injection, 42.1 +/- 12.3 ml/100 g/min; after injection, 47 +/- 10.7 ml/100g/min; (p < 0.05 vs control); after recovery, 42.4 +/- 11.1 cm/sec], but diltiazem did not change LCBF. Nicardipine 1 mg moderately increased ICBFV [before injection, 34.2 +/- 9.3 cm/sec; after injection, 40.6 +/- 8.7 cm/sec (p < 0.01 vs. control); after recovery, 34.1 +/- 8.9 cm/sec], but diltiazem did not change ICBFV. In addition, venous partial oxygen pressure and saturation of the internal jugular did not change throughout the study. There was a close correlation between presurgical neurologic status and LCBF (rs = -0.743; p < 0.01) and ICBFV (rs = -0.721; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Nicardipine increased LCBF and ICBFV, but diltiazem did not change either. These results suggest that both drugs are useful and safe for the treatment of intraoperative hypertension during cerebral aneurysm surgery.
Adult↗