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Biomedical subjects

E Gottheil

Publications and source records attributed to E Gottheil.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Awareness and disengagement in cancer patients.

The authors found that cancer patients (N = 44) did not differ from patients with other chronic illnesses (N = 27) with respect to awareness of their condition or ratings on an unobtrusive, nonverbal measure of disengagement. Cancer patients who were aware were more engaged than those who were not, but this was equally true for the noncancer patients. Awareness, for the cancer patients, was not associated with frequency of visiting or with living for a longer or shorter period than expected. There was a significant interaction, however, in that patients who were aware lived longer if they were engaged, whereas patients who were unaware lived longer if they were disengaged. Caution and judgment should be exercised in sharing information with terminally ill patients because awareness may be beneficial for some but not for all.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Judging emotions of normal and schizophrenic subjects.

Thirty-two nursing students were shown silent films in which 10 normal and 10 schizophrenic women described a happy, sad, and an angry personal experience. Accuracy in judging the content of films of normal subjects was associated with social detachment and mechanical interests, whereas accuracy in judging the emotions of the schizophrenic subjects was associated with social involvement and nursing interests. Further, the students nurses' ability to relate to patients, as judged by their nursing supervisors, was associated with their ability to accurately identify the nonverbal emotional communications of the schizophrenic patients but not of the normal persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

An introduction to the evaluation of alcoholism outcome studies.

The results of outcome studies in the field of alcoholism have been challenged as not providing clear and definitive demonstrations of the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment. This has not been due to studies showing negative results, or to a lack of studies reporting positive results. The difficulty has been that the studies failed to satisfy the standards of experimentally minded methodologists. Many methodological problems with respect to patient, treatment, and criterion variables were described which will require a great deal of basic research for their solution. Others may not be soluble. Drawing a representative sample of alcoholics may not be feasible. Assigning patients at random to treatments and no treatment who are uninterested, who desire particular treatments, or who are in need of specific treatments is impractical and socially unacceptable. Matching or randomly assigning therapists to provide consistent, measured, and equal amounts of specific therapies is similarly unrealistic. Determining what constitutes a good therapeutic outcome may be more of a philosophic than a scientific issue. Applying experimental standards to human outcome studies is inappropriate. The state of the art with respect to evaluating the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment is not ready for experimental investigations or cost-benefits analyses. Despite all these problems, a review of 384 studies indicates that two-thirds of the patients improve following alcoholism treatment. Research studies are increasingly sophisticated. A great deal has been and is continuing to be learned about patient characteristics, treatment methods, and matching patients to treatments.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1978

The relative accuracy of U.S. British, and Mexican raters in judging the emotional displays of schizophrenic and normal U.S. women.

Asked U.S., British, and Mexican male students of college age to discriminate among three affective displays presented by 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal U.S. women. Significant main effects for diagnostic category, nationality of judge and for the interaction of nationality and diagnostic category were obtained. Furthermore, U.S. judges did significantly better in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics, British judges tended in the same direction, and Mexican judges did not. Co-nationality and national similarity confer an advantage in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics. The data have relevance for questions about the effects of sending and receiving nonverbal emotional messages on communications or miscommunications between doctor and patient, doctors from different cultures and people including conference negotiators, from different national backgrounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Consequences of social modification of drinking behavior.

Alcoholic patients who remained abstinent during a Fixed Interval Drinking Decision treatment program had fewer alcohol-related problems at a 6-month follow-up than those who drank during treatment. Pretreatment encouragement to remain abstinent may also have favorably affected the results.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Voluntary versus involuntary abstinence in the treatment of alcoholics.

During the first 6 months after their discharge from a Fixed Interval Drinking Decisions Program patients who had been compelled to abstain did significantly better than the drinkers but significantly more poorly than those who had voluntarily abstained during the program.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

An outpatient drug program for adolescent students: preliminary evaluation.

Adolescent students with drug problems were rostered by their schools at the program facility one-half day per week. Treatment was aimed at increasing communicativeness through art, video, music, group therapy, and individual counseling when appropriate. After 4 months, school personnel, students, and treatment staff indicated that drug taking had decreased and general adjustment improved. Statistically, the treatment group (N = 42) improved significantly more than a control group (N = 37) in school attendance. They also tended to do better in academic, behavior, and work habit grades although these differences did not reach statical significance. Further similar early intervention studies are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Fallibility of urine drug screens in monitoring methadone programs.

Urine specimens containing five different drugs, each at three levels of concentration with zero to five drugs in a specimen, were sent to two "approved" laboratories. In only 46.9% and 13.8%, respectively, were all drugs present correctly identified and no false-positive results reported. With some allowances, the results improved to 53.8% and 49.4%. If these tests are to be continued then (1) the fallibility of these tests should be known by all treatment personnel, (2) laboratories should be licensed rather than merely approved, and (3) maintenance of the license should be made contingent on passing "blind" proficiency tests.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1976

Appropriate and background affect in facial displays of emotion. Comparison of normal and schizophrenic males.

The hypothesis that normal subjects can express emotions more accurately than schizophrenics was tested by having judges match photographs of five posed affects with five emotion words for each of 16 normal and 16 schizophrenic male expressors. Discrimination accuracy was high, but the hypothesis was not confirmed. The results of a second study, in which separate measures of appropriate (intended) and "background" affect (eg, the rated intensity of anger displayed in a subject's nonangry poses) were provided, supported our expectation that discrimination accuracy is a function of both appropriate and background affect. The normal men tended to display more appropriate affect generally, and displayed more background happiness, while the schizophrenics expressed more background anger, sadness, and fear. Both intended and background affect, therefore, must be carefully considered in studies of emotional expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Drinking outcome of specific alcoholic subgroups.

Alcoholic's scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Drinking Behavior Inventory, the MacAndre Alcoholism Scale and Rohan's classification system for alcoholics were not related to drinking behavior during or after a treatment program that permitted drinking.

Adult↗