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Biomedical subjects

E Frank

Publications and source records attributed to E Frank.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

In every marriage there are two marriages.

While investigators often have commented about discrepancies in the way a husband and a wife view the same marriage, little attention has been devoted to the implications such discrepancies have for marital and family therapy. As part of a continuing study of the differences between couples who seek marital therapy and those who seek sexual dysfunction therapy, this report examines these two clinical populations on the dimension of discrepant views of the marriage. Our results suggest that overall discrepancy scores may be an important indicator of stress between partners. In particular areas, however, such as rating the quality of the marriage, specific complaints about the marriage, and concerns about male sexual difficulties, marital therapy patients obtained significantly higher discrepancy scores than sexual therapy patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Persistence of junctional acetylcholine receptors following denervation.

The relative number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end plates in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks), the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end plate by as much as 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the slow loss of junctional binding sites, even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional binding. Cross-innervation by a foreign nerve at a site distant from the original end plates was more effective than stimulation in preserving the old end plates; in cross-innervated muscles, many denervated end plates continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over 4 months. In comparison with the rapid rate of appearance or disappearance of extrajunctional ACh receptors, however, the number of junctional receptors at all denervated end plates was quite stable, suggesting that the persistence of these receptors is not immediately dependent on the presence of a motor nerve terminal.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1976

Interaction between foreign and original nerves innervating gill muscles in fish.

Foreign somatic motor nerves were made to innervate denervated gill muscles of the perch. The foreign innervation remained functional after reinnervation by the original nerve. Intracellular recordings showed that individual muscle fibers could be activated by both foreign and original neurons. Extensive foreign innervation appeared to inhibit the ability of the original nerve to reinnervate its own muscle. These studies provide evidence for a functional coexistence of appropriate and inappropriate innervation and show that foreign synapses need not be repressed by the "correct" nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Profiles of couples seeking sex therapy and marital therapy.

Assessment of 29 couples seeking marital therapy and 25 seeking sexual therapy at the same institution permitted the delineation of two distinct profiles. Although the two groups were similar in the degree of their sexual and marital difficulties and in demographic characteristics, the relationships of the sex therapy couples were generally characterized by satisfaction and affection, whereas those of the marital therapy couples were often antagonistic. In addition, the sex therapy couples tended to be less conservative and more thoughtful in their approach to life and their problems.

Demography↗
PubMed1975

Neuronal locus specificity: trans-repolarization of Xenopus embryonic retina after the time of axial specification.

Signaling within an embryonic Xenopus eye comprised of two fused eye fragments can reprogram, in turn, the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of one of the fragments. The responding fragment, subsequently isolated and allowed to round up and innervate the brain, shows corresponding inversions in its retinotectal map. This is the first evidence of trans-repolarization of presumptive retina and provides an assay system for analysis of positional signaling within the retinal field.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A multisomatic axon in the central nervous system of the leech.

There is one particularly large axon in the medial bundle of the nerve cord of the leech. It extends along the entire length of the cord and is connected to a single cell body in each ganglion. The cell bodies in adjacent ganglia are tightly electrically coupled, and dye injected into one cell body can diffuse along the axon and into the cell body of the next ganglion. If the nerve cord is cut between two ganglia, neither end of the axon degenerates. Repair of the axon appears to occur by end-to-end fusion.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

Cholinergic receptors at denervated mammalian motor end-plates.

The number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end-plated in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of [125A] alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. Normal end-plates bound several thousand times as much toxin as equal areas of extra-synaptic muscle membrane. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks) the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end-plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end-plate by up to 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the loss of junctional binding sites even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional toxin binding. In contrast, denervated end-plates on muscle fibres cross-innervated by a foreign nerve at a distant location continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over four months.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The interaction between foreign and original motor nerves innervating the soleus muscle of rats.

1. The fibular nerve was transplanted on to the soleus muscle of the rats. Interruption of the original soleus nerve then permitted cross-innervation, and subsequently, over a period of weeks, re-innervation by the original nerve. 2. Individual muscle fibres were often innervated by both the original and the foreign nerve. The original and foreign end-plates were located in separate regions of the muscle. There were no indications that the original nerve could displace or repress the foreign innervation. 3. The extent of re-innervation by the original nerve depended upon the method of denervation. A single crush of the nerve was followed by virtually complete re-innervation, even of muscle fibres already innervated by the foreign nerve. When re-innervation was delayed by resection of a segment of the nerve only muscle fibres without foreign nerve innervation were re-innervated. Denervation by a simple nerve cut gave an intermediate result. 4. Re-innervation by the original nerve can take place without measurable extrajunctional sensitivity to ACh. 5. The original end-plate region could retain high and localized sensitivity to ACh for several months despite degeneration of its motor nerve terminal and activity of the muscle fibre. 6. Established foreign end-plates were re-innervated by the foreign nerve on muscle fibres with intact original innervation. 7. The factors controlling synapse formation in skeletal muscles are discussed.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1974

The sensitivity to glutamate of denervated muscles of the crayfish.

The effect of denervation on the sensitivity of muscle fibres to glutamate was studied in leg muscles of crayfish.1. When the motor nerve was cut close to the proximal accessory flexor muscle the distal end of the nerve degenerated. Neuromuscular transmission failed and spontaneous miniature potentials disappeared after two months. Several stages of nerve terminal degeneration were seen in muscles denervated between 1 and 3 months, and after 4 months no remains of synapses could be found.2. Following denervation for periods up to 8 months there was no significant change in sensitivity to glutamate, a substance that mimics the action of the neural transmitter. Depolarizations produced by various concentrations of glutamate in the bathing solution were the same in denervated and control muscle fibres. Moreover, the sensitivity to iontophoretically applied glutamate was localized to discrete patches as in innervated muscles.3. Supersensitivity of muscles apparently does not occur after denervation in the crayfish.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1973

Matching of facilitation at the neuromuscular junction of the lobster: a possible case for influence of muscle on nerve.

1. The facilitation of neuromuscular transmission, which occurs during repetitive activation, was examined in the proximal accessory flexor muscle in walking legs of the lobster using electrophysiological techniques.2. Post-synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) in different muscle fibres facilitated to markedly different degrees. P.s.p.s in some fibres did not facilitate at all, while in others they increased in size by 20-30 times during stimulation at 20 Hz even though all the excitatory neuromuscular synapses are made by a single axon.3. Stimulation of widely separated groups of synapses on any single muscle fibre evoked p.s.p.s with closely matched facilitation properties. Extracellular p.s.p.s recorded from single synaptic spots showed the same characteristics of facilitation as those of intracellular p.s.p.s in the same muscle fibre, suggesting that individual synaptic contacts on any single fibre are similar to each other.4. Facilitation can be accounted for by an increase in the number of quanta released from the nerve terminals. There is no evidence for an increase in post-synaptic membrane sensitivity.5. Low Ca solutions reduce transmitter release with comparatively little change in facilitation, while Cs solutions increase the size of p.s.p.s without increasing the amplitude of spontaneous miniature potentials. Thus, at poorly facilitating synapses it is unlikely that the absence of facilitation is caused by the saturation of some post-synaptic process.6. It is concluded that the excitatory presynaptic nerve terminals on a single muscle fibre have matching facilitation characteristics. Some interaction between individual muscle fibres and their associated nerve endings may be required to establish or maintain this matching.

Animals↗