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Biomedical subjects

E Forsum

Publications and source records attributed to E Forsum.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution.

OBJECTIVES: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. METHODS: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively. SUBJECTS: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. RESULTS: On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.5+/-1.6 kg/m(2) and contained 27.8+/-3.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.1+/-4.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.35+/-4.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Validation of energy intake by dietary recall against different methods to assess energy expenditure.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of dietary recalls and physical activity recalls and investigate some factors influencing this validity. To provide an example showing how procedures based on recalls of physical activity can assess the validity of dietary recalls and identify subjects constantly underreporting their energy intake (EI). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Thirty-seven women were studied using three 24-h dietary recalls, two kinds of physical activity recalls, indirect calorimetry and the doubly labelled water method. RESULTS: The EI obtained using dietary recalls were biased with respect to body mass index (BMI) and attitudes towards body weight and dieting, whereas results obtained using a physical activity recall were not. Eighteen women produced underreports (UR), i.e. their average EI was below 76% of total energy expenditure (TEE), whereas 24 women reported an EI that was lower than TEE on all three recall days, i.e. constantly underreporting subjects. A physical activity recall identified 13 URs and 20 of the constantly underreporting subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to estimates of EI, TEE assessed using physical activity recalls was not biased with respect to BMI or attitudes towards body weight and dieting. Recalls of physical activity represent potentially useful procedures for identifying URs and constantly underreporting subjects but are not accurate enough for individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age.

OBJECTIVES: To measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and total body water (TBW) in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. To compare their TEE with current recommendations for energy intake. To define their body composition and relate this to energy expenditure. DESIGN: : Children were investigated at 9 or 14 months. The following variables were measured: TEE and TBW (by the doubly labelled water method), weight and length. Total body fat (TBF), sleeping metabolic rate, activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. SUBJECTS: Thirty infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. RESULTS: : TEE was 323+/-38, 322+/-29, 313+/-23 and 331+/-28 kJ/kg/day in 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 14-month-old girls and 14-month-old boys, respectively. At 9 months of age girls and boys contained 29.6+/-4.8 and 29.7+/-4.5% TBF, respectively. At 14 months the corresponding figures were 29.1+/-4.3 and 28.2+/-4.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between PAL and %TBF (r=-0.81, P<0.001, n=59). CONCLUSIONS: Measured TEE plus calculated energy cost of growth confirm previous estimates that the physiological energy requirements of children 9 and 14 months of age are 15-20% lower than current recommendations for energy intake. One possible interpretation of the relationship between PAL and %TBF is that children with a high TBF content are less physically active than children with less TBF. However, this relationship needs further studies.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Total energy expenditure, body composition and weight gain in moderately preterm and full-term infants at term postconceptional age.

AIM: To assess total energy expenditure (TEE) and body composition, i.e. total body water (TBW) and adipose tissue volume (ATV), at term age in 8 healthy preterm infants, born between gestational weeks 30 and 33, and in 9 healthy full-term newborns. METHODS: Total and subcutaneous ATVs were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging, while TEE and TBW were estimated using doubly labelled water. RESULTS: Total ATV was 272 +/- 21 and 261 +/- 56 ml/kg body weight, while subcutaneous ATV was 88.9 +/- 1.6 and 89.7 +/- 2.0% of total ATV for preterm and full-term infants, respectively. The corresponding figures for TBW (as percentage of body weight) were 67.4 +/- 2.5 and 68.1 +/- 4.1, respectively. A significant correlation between ATV/kg body weight and body weight was found for full-term (p < 0.0001) but not for preterm infants. TEE for preterm infants was 315 +/- 20 kJ/kg body weight/24 h, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than TEE for full-term infants (254 +/- 45 kJ/kg body weight/24 h). At the time of investigation preterm infants weighed significantly (p < 0.05) less (540 g) than full-term infants. After the time of investigation, weight gains of preterm and full-term infants were 38 +/- 12 and 24 +/- 14 g/24 h, respectively. CONCLUSION: When compared to full-term newborns, predominantly breastfed healthy preterm infants at term postconceptional age were significantly smaller, had a similar average proportion of body fat and showed catch-up growth. Their higher TEE/kg body weight can be explained by a higher growth rate and possibly also by higher physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Diagnostic test in clinical nutrition for medical students. Test results show that training in clinical nutrition must be improved].

A national core curriculum in clinical nutrition was approved by the Section for Nutrition in the Swedish Society of Medicine in 1995. Here we report on the results of an anonymous diagnostic test based on this core curriculum in clinical nutrition, administered to medical students at the end of medical school. The test was the same for students in Linköping, Lund and Stockholm. Only 42% of the participants obtained an acceptable test result, with the score in Lund being significantly lower than those in Linköping and Stockholm. We compare the results with a similar test administered in Stockholm in 1996, and discuss current developmental work in clinical nutrition being done in all the medical faculties in Sweden.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2000

Electrolytes, water, RNA, total creatine and calculated resting membrane potential in muscle tissue from pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: The nutritional situation of the fetus and pregnant woman is important for human health, but knowledge of how nutrition affects maternal metabolism and physiology during pregnancy is limited. Such knowledge is important, for example in body composition studies, when information about lean tissue composition is needed. Muscle, a main part of lean tissue, changes its composition in response to age and sex, but the effect of pregnancy on this composition is unknown. METHODS: Muscle samples from 11 pregnant and 16 nonpregnant women were analyzed for water, electrolytes, total creatine, alkali-soluble protein (ASP), DNA and RNA. Plasma was analyzed for electrolytes. The amount of extracellular and intracellular water as well as the resting membrane potential (RMP) in muscle were calculated. RESULTS: Pregnant women had lower plasma concentrations of potassium and sodium but higher muscle concentrations of sodium and water (total and extracellular) than nonpregnant women. RMP was more negative in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Total creatine in muscle (per kilogram ASP) was increased during pregnancy. The muscle content of RNA (per kilogram DNA) was lower in gestational week 18 than in nonpregnant controls. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy influences muscle composition in several ways that are relevant for an increased understanding of interactions between nutrition and reproduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Triglyceride turnover, lipoprotein lipase activity, and fat cell size in adipose tissue of rats during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy.

Understanding the biological function of the fat retained during pregnancy is important when estimating energy needs during reproduction. Women as well as rats are often considered to gain fat at specific anatomical sites during pregnancy and use this fat as a source of energy during lactation. However, mobilized body fat covers only a minor part of the energy needed by the lactating rat dam. In this paper, fat cell size, lipoprotein lipase activity, as well as triglyceride turnover in parametrial and subcutaneous adipose tissues were studied during the first 2 weeks of gestation and in virginal controls to further explore the metabolic and physiological basis for changes in body fat during reproduction in rats. Pregnancy increased the size of parametrial but not of subcutaneous adipocytes. The lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipocytes was not increased by pregnancy. The accumulation in adipose tissue of 14C from orally administered 14C-oleic acid was higher in virginal than in pregnant rats. No effect of pregnancy on the rate of lipid turnover in parametrial or subcutaneous adipocytes was found. The findings are in accordance with the contention that body fat gained during rat pregnancy, to a large extent, is a consequence of a general growth of maternal tissues rather than the result of a stimulating effect of pregnancy on fat accumulation by adipocytes from specific body sites.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1998

Description and evaluation of a method based on magnetic resonance imaging to estimate adipose tissue volume and total body fat in infants.

Information about body fatness is important during nutritional assessment of infants, but current methods to estimate body composition in vivo are often not applicable in infants. Therefore, a new method based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was developed. This method, which can assess the volume and distribution of adipose tissue (AT) as well as total body fat, was applied in 11 healthy full-term infants. Their total body water was also estimated using the isotope dilution technique. Adipose tissue volume (ATV) was calculated from AT area in 16 images of the body taken by an MRI scanner (1.5 tesla). AT area was assessed using a computer program in which AT criteria was defined by the observer. ATV of the infants was therefore evaluated once by three observers and twice by a fourth observer. The different observers estimated total, s.c., and non-s.c. ATV with a precision that varied between 1.9 and 7.2%, 2.0 and 4.8%, and 4.2 and 40.7%, respectively. Variations during AT area calculations accounted for a large part of the imprecision when assessing total and s.c. ATV. The linear relationship between percent total body water and total ATV in relation to body weight was significant in all evaluations. Although average total ATV varied when estimated by the four observers, there was, within each evaluation, a fairly constant order between infants with respect to their ATV. It is concluded that the MRI procedure represents a useful possibility to assess body fatness in infants.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Changes in total body fat during the human reproductive cycle as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, body water dilution, and skinfold thickness: a comparison of methods.

Total body fat and fat-free mass were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (TBFMRI and FFMMRI) in 11-16 healthy Swedish women before pregnancy and 5-10 d and 2, 6, and 12 mo after delivery. On these occasions, TBF was also measured by the body water dilution (TBFBWD) and skinfold-thickness (TBFSFT) techniques. The results were used to compare changes in TBFSFT and TBFBWD during reproduction with changes in TBFMRI. TBFBWD was 1.5-4.0 kg higher than TBFMRI and at all postpartum measurements the difference between these estimates increased significantly with increased body fat content. This difference was also significantly higher 6 mo after delivery than it was 2 and 12 mo postpartum. The possibility that this was due to variations in the degree of hydration of FFM postpartum was considered. TBFSFT was 1.7-3.1 kg higher than TBFMRI and this difference increased with increasing body fat content. The agreement between changes in TBFMRI and TBFSFT was different during different times in the reproductive cycle and was also influenced by the amount of fat lost or gained. The findings thus suggest that there is a risk for bias when changes in TBF during reproduction are estimated by the skinfold-thickness technique as well as by isotope dilution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Changes in adipose tissue volume and distribution during reproduction in Swedish women as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Adipose tissue volume (ATV; total, subcutaneous, and nonsubcutaneous) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in the whole body and in six body compartments of 15 healthy Swedish women before pregnancy and 5-10 d, and 2, 6, and 12 mo postpartum. ATV increased by 5.43 +/- 4.72 L (mean +/- SD) during pregnancy and decreased by 3.18 +/- 4.61 L during the first 6 mo postpartum. The women had more ATV (2.86 +/- 2.32 L) 12 mo after delivery than before pregnancy. Of the ATV gained during pregnancy, 76% was placed subcutaneously and the decrease postpartum was due to a loss of subcutaneous ATV. During pregnancy, 68% of the increased ATV was placed in the trunk and 16% in the thighs. Postpartum fat was mobilized more completely from the thighs than from the trunk. For all variables studied variations between women were large. The results also show that women with a high weight gain during pregnancy retain lean tissue in their bodies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Body composition and fat distribution during the first 2 weeks of gestation in ad lib.-fed and energy-restricted rats.

Knowledge about changes in body composition during gestation is of interest when estimating energy requirements during pregnancy, and relevant since reproduction is often surprisingly well maintained in malnourished females. Due to difficulties in conducting such studies in humans, studies in rats are of interest. Therefore, maternal retention of fat and fat-free weight was estimated in rats during the first 2 weeks of gestation and during a corresponding time period in virgin controls. Groups fed ad lib. or 70% of ad lib. intake during the 4 weeks preceding conception and during gestation were studied. Retention was estimated by comparing pregnant and virgin rats with rats killed at the time of conception. Body fat was analysed chemically and fat-free weight was body weight minus body fat. Each rat was divided into twelve to fourteen parts and the fat content of each part was analysed. Pregnant ad lib.-fed rats retained more fat and fat-free weight than did virgin ad lib.-fed controls. In the energy-restricted group the pregnant rats retained more fat-free weight while virgin rats retained slightly more fat than did pregnant rats. The difference between pregnant and virgin rats with respect to the amount of fat in the different body parts was small in both feeding groups. Thus, the statement that fat stored at specific sites in the maternal body represents an important source of energy for use during lactation was not supported. The findings suggest that pregnancy stimulates growth of the maternal body and that chronic moderate energy restriction curtails this growth.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Adipose tissue distribution as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and total body fat by magnetic resonance imaging, underwater weighing, and body-water dilution in healthy women.

A method for estimating total body fat (TBF) and the amount and distribution of adipose tissue in humans by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is described. Thirty transaxial images of subjects were taken by a nuclear magnetic imager (0.02 T). Adipose tissue volume was calculated from adipose tissue area in each image and from the distances between images. The CV when estimating total volume of body adipose tissue was 1.5%. TBF of healthy Swedish women was estimated by the MRI method (n = 25), by underwater weighing (UWW) (n = 20), and by body-water dilution (BWD) (n = 23). When assessed by MRI and BWD, women contained 1.4 +/- 2.9% less and 4.7 +/- 4.0% more TBF, respectively, than when assessed by UWW. On average, 74.2% of total adipose tissue volume was situated subcutaneously. Subcutaneous fat:fat-free body weight and nonsubcutaneous fat:fat-free body weight were both significantly correlated with percent TBF but the women stored excess fat subcutaneously rather than nonsubcutaneously.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of total body fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue in full-term infants less than 3 months old.

Both fetal and neonatal nutrition may influence the body fat content of infants. Epidemiologic field studies would be facilitated by a simple method of measuring total body fat (TBF). The accuracy of a method, based on skinfold measurements, of estimating TBF was evaluated in 22 infants by comparing the results with those obtained by the body water dilution technique. Because the accuracy was poor, a modification was evaluated in 14 of the infants. The measurements were used to calculate the amounts of subcutaneous and nonsubcutaneous body fat. Estimates of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue made with calipers and ultrasonography were compared with each other and with those obtained with Futrex 5000, a device based on the principle of near-infrared interactance. The composition of the adipose tissue in biopsy specimen from 38 infants was analyzed and contained a mean of 0.66 g of fat/cm3. Results obtained by Futrex 5000 correlated with subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness only when the latter was thin. Estimates of adipose tissue thickness by calipers were significantly higher than estimates by ultrasonography at the forearm, thigh, and calf, whereas the opposite was found at the triceps, biceps, umbilicus, and nipple. The amount of nonsubcutaneous fat, in relation to body weight minus subcutaneous fat, increased with age and was higher in girls than in boys. Skinfolds were poor predictors of TBF. However, it may be possible to predict TBF from anthropometric measurements if appropriate knowledge about the growth and development of adipose tissue in infancy are available.

Adipose Tissue↗