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Biomedical subjects

E E Richards

Publications and source records attributed to E E Richards.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Pre-exercise carbohydrate status and immune responses to prolonged cycling: I. Effect on neutrophil degranulation.

Ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) beverages during heavy exercise is associated with smaller shifts in numbers of circulating neutrophils and attenuated changes in neutrophil functional responses. The influence of dietary CHO availability on these responses has not been determined. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of pre-exercise CHO status on circulating neutrophil and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged cycling. Twelve trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-lowering bout of cycling and were randomly assigned to follow a diet ensuring either greater than 70% (HIGH) or less than 10% (LOW) of daily energy intake from CHO for the next 3 days. On day 4, subjects performed an exercise test that comprised cycling for 1 hour at 60% Wmax immediately followed by a time-trial (TT) ensuring an energy expenditure equivalent to cycling for 30 min at 80% Wmax. Subjects repeated the protocol after 7 days, this time following the second diet. The order of the trials was counterbalanced. At TT completion, the HIGH compared with the LOW trial was associated with higher plasma glucose concentration, lower plasma cortisol concentration, and lower circulating neutrophil count. LPS-stimulated neutrophil degranulation per cell fell similarly on both trials. These findings suggest that pre-exercise CHO status influences neutrophil trafficking but not function in response to prolonged cycling.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2001

Pre-exercise carbohydrate status and immune responses to prolonged cycling: II. Effect on plasma cytokine concentration.

Ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) beverages during heavy exercise is associated with smaller changes in the plasma concentrations of several cytokines. The influence of dietary CHO availability on these responses has not been determined. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of pre-exercise CHO status on plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) responses to prolonged cycling. Seven trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-lowering bout of cycling and were randomly assigned to follow a diet ensuring either greater than 70% (HIGH) or less than 10% (LOW) of daily energy intake from CHO for the next 3 days. On day 4 subjects performed an exercise test that comprised cycling for 1 hour at 60% Wmax immediately followed by a time-trial (TT) ensuring an energy expenditure equivalent to cycling for 30 min at 80% Wmax. Subjects repeated the protocol after 7 days, this time following the second diet. The order of the trials was counterbalanced. At 1 and 2 hours post-TT, plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 were 2-fold greater on the LOW trial than on the HIGH trial, and peak plasma concentrations of IL-1ra were 9-fold greater on the LOW trial than on the HIGH trial. These findings suggest that pre-exercise CHO status can influence the plasma cytokine response to prolonged cycling.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cariostatic and ultraconservative sealed restorations: six-year results.

The objective of this clinical study was to determine the ability of an ultraconservative, sealed composite resin restoration, without a traditional cavity preparation and without the removal of the carious lesion, to arrest Class I caries. Tooth preparation was limited to placing a bevel in the enamel. These restorations were compared, over 6 years, with (1) ultraconservative, localized, sealed amalgam restorations with no extension for prevention and (2) traditional, unsealed amalgam restorations with the usual extension for prevention outline form. Caries was arrested by the ultraconservative, sealed composite resin restorations for 6 years. Complete sealant retention on the sealed amalgam restorations was somewhat lower than that on the sealed composite resin restorations; conversely, partial sealant retention was higher for the sealed amalgam group. The marginal integrity of the sealed amalgam restorations was significantly superior to that of the unsealed amalgam restorations. The sealant also protected Class I posterior composite resin restorations against wear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sealed restorations: 5-year results.

This clinical study determined the feasibility of a sealed resin composite restoration to arrest dental caries using a minimal tooth preparation: a bevel in enamel only without removal of the carious lesion. These ultra-conservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) were compared with ultra-conservative sealed amalgam restorations (AGS) that had no "extension for prevention". The CompS/C restorations were also compared with the traditional (unsealed) amalgam restorations (AGU) with the "extension for prevention" outline form. Caries progress, as determined by standardized radiographs, revealed that after 5 years caries remained arrested under the CompS/C restorations; the marginal integrity was similar for the CompS/C and the AGS groups, and exhibited highly significant superiority to the AGU restorations (Chi square, P less than = 0.00004). Complete sealant retention over the amalgam restorations (AGS group) was less than over the composite restorations (CompS/C), and conversely, partial sealant retention was higher for the AGS group. Sealants also appeared to protect the posterior composite restorations against wear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Sealed restorations: 4-year results.

The overall objective of this clinical study was to determine the feasibility of using a sealed composite restoration to arrest caries. This objective was to be achieved using minimal tooth preparation for Class I lesions, without the traditional Class I cavity preparation and without the removal of the carious lesion. The minimal tooth preparation consisted of no [corrected] removal of the carious lesion, bevel in enamel only, and usually not requiring any anesthetic injection. These ultra-conservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) were compared with ultra-conservative sealed amalgam restorations (AGS) and with the traditional (unsealed) amalgam restorations (AGU). This study showed that: 1) caries is arrested under the CompS/C restoration for a period of 4 years; 2) sealant retention is similar in both the CompS/C and the AGS groups; 3) the marginal integrity of the AGS restorations is markedly superior to that of the AGU restorations; and 4) sealant appears to prevent wear of posterior composite restorations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A modified light-cured denture identification technique.

Removable dental prostheses are lost frequently or stolen in nursing homes. Dental personnel may not be routinely available to many nursing home residents to place identification labels, and nursing staff members are not trained to use traditional denture marking techniques. This article describes a modified simple marking technique that may be used by either dental personnel or nursing staff members. Using ordinary sandpaper, lead pencil or ball pen, art and craft brush, direct light, and a mono-poly sealer of 1 part heat-cured clear methylmethacrylate powder mixed with 10 parts of autopolymerizing clear orthodontic methylmethacrylate liquid, 26 dentures were labeled for 19 nursing home residents. The technique was quick, cheap, easily applied, nonirritating to mouth tissues, and permanent.

Denture Identification Marking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cariostatic and ultraconservative sealed restorations: nine-year results among children and adults.

The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of placing sealed posterior composite restorations for arresting active caries. The tooth preparation for this bonded and sealed restoration was limited to placing a bevel in the enamel only, without the removal of the carious lesion. The radiographic and clinical performance of these ultraconservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) was compared over a period of nine years with: 1) ultraconservative, localized sealed amalgam (AGS) restorations with no extension for prevention, and 2) traditional, unsealed amalgam restorations (AGU) with the usual extension for prevention outline form. Sealant retention with > 50 percent to 100 percent of the margins occurred in 64 percent of CompS/C and 82.5 percent of AGS restorations. After nine years the cumulative failure rates were 16 percent for CompS/C, 2.5 percent for AGS, and 17.1 percent for AGU restorations. Thus, the clinical performance of CompS/C restorations was slightly superior to that of the traditional AGU restorations. The AGS restorations were definitely superior to the traditional AGU restorations and to the CompS/C restorations in both children and adults alike. Complete sealant retention over CompS/C and AGS restorations was equivalent between children and adults (P = 0.14 and 0.74, respectively). A higher percentage of open margins in CompS/C restorations was seen, however, in children (17.4 percent) than adults (1.94 percent). This study has shown that Class I caries can be arrested by the CompS/C restoration.

Adolescent↗