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Biomedical subjects

E Durand

Publications and source records attributed to E Durand.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Asomatognosia and oral drive: a psychoanalytical perspective].

OBJECTIVE: The psychoanalytic concept of specular image refers to the complex construction that associates the body image with the language coordinates of the individual, thus making him/her a human subject. The acquisition of this specular image implies the loss of corporeal exchanges between mother and child, i.e., the "neutralization" of those body parts or extensions where these exchanges take place. These conceptions of body image and subjectivity lead to the hypothesis that neurological disturbances of body schema may alter the patients' subjectivity and their relation to the lost "object" insofar as they alter body image. MATERIAL: In the present paper, we present two patients aged under 50, with a unique first ever stroke due to ischemia in the right middle cerebral artery territory and asomatognosia. METHODS: On one hand, Bisiach's protocol was used to assess hemiplegia, sensory troubles, visual troubles, hemineglect and anosognosia, and adapted to assess asomatognosia. On the other hand, subjective data were gathered during a semistructured interview and a self-portrait test. RESULTS: This showed that asomatognosia was accompanied by a destructuration of body image and aberrant oral manifestations involving the paralyzed hand. DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION: The psychological positive phenomena accompanying asomatognosia might correspond to the intrusion of the lost object in the patients' psychic reality, due to the alteration of body schema and body image.

Agnosia↗
PubMed2002

Classical conditioning of breathing pattern after two acquisition trials in 2-day-old mice.

The aim of the present study was to test whether breathing pattern conditioning may occur just after birth. We hypothesized that sensory stimuli signaling the resumption of maternal care after separation may trigger an arousal and/or orienting response accompanied with concomitant respiratory changes. We performed a conditioning experiment in 2-day-old mice by using an odor (lemon) as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and maternal care after 1 h without the mother as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Each pup underwent two acquisition trials, in which the CS was presented immediately before (experimental paired group, n = 30) or 30 min before (control unpaired group, n = 30) contact with the mother. Conditioning was tested by using noninvasive whole body plethysmography to measure the respiratory response to the CS for 1 min. We found significantly stronger respiratory responses to the CS in the experimental group than in the control group. In contrast, somatomotor activity did not differ significantly between groups. Our results confirm the sensitivity of breathing to conditioning and indirectly support the hypothesis that learned feedforward processes may complement feedback pathways during postnatal maturation of respiratory control.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

CPMG measurements and ultrafast imaging in human lungs with hyperpolarized helium-3 at low field (0.1 T).

This work reports the use of single-shot spin echo sequences to achieve in vivo diffusion gas measurements and ultrafast imaging of human lungs, in vivo, with hyperpolarized (3)He at 0.1 T. The observed transverse relaxation time of (3)He lasted up to 10 s, which made it possible to use long Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill echo trains. Preliminary NMR studies showed that the resolution of lung images acquired with hyperpolarized (3)He and single-shot sequences is limited to about 6 mm because of the diffusion of the gas in applied field gradients. Ultrafast images of human lungs in normal subjects, achieved in less than 0.4 s with the equivalent of only 130 micromol of fully polarized (3)He, are presented. Comparison with other studies shows that there is no SNR penalty by using low fields in the hyperpolarized case. Advantage was taken of the self diffusion-weighting of the rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence to acquire apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images of the lungs. Time scales of seconds could be explored for the first time because there is no hindrance from T(*)(2) as with the usual approaches. At 0.1 T, 180 degrees RF pulses can be repeated every 10 ms without exceeding specific absorption rate limits, which would not be the case for higher fields. Moreover, at low field, susceptibility-induced phenomena are expected to be milder. This supports the idea that low-field imagers can be used for hyperpolarized noble gas MRI of lungs and may be preferred for ADC measurements.

Helium↗
PubMed2002

Mutation screening of the urocortin gene: identification of new single nucleotide polymorphisms and association studies with obesity in French Caucasians.

A linkage between obesity-related phenotypes and the 2p21-23 locus has been reported previously. The urocortin (UCN) gene resides at this interval, and its protein decreases appetite behavior, suggesting that UCN may be a candidate gene for susceptibility to obesity. We localized the UCN gene by radiation hybrid mapping, and the surrounding markers were genotyped in a collection of French families. Evidence for linkage was shown between the marker D2S165 and leptin levels (LOD score, 1.34; P = 0.006) and between D2S2247 and the z-score of body mass index (LOD score, 1.829; P = 0.0019). The gene was screened for SNPs in 96 obese patients. Four new variants were established. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were located in the promoter (-535 A-->G, -286 G-->A), one in intron 1 (+31 C-->G), and one in the 3'-untranslated region (+34 C-->T). Association studies in cohorts of 722 unrelated obese and 381 control subjects and transmission disequilibrium tests, performed for the two frequent promoter polymorphisms, in 120 families (894 individuals) showed that no association was present between these variants and obesity, obesity-related phenotypes, and diabetes. Thus, our analyses of the genetic variations of the UCN gene suggest that, at least in French Caucasians, they do not represent a major cause of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Biochemical markers of myocardial ischemia and necrosis].

The biochemical markers of myocardial ischaemia have to be interpreted according to their kinetics; their interests depend on the clinical presentation. They are helpful to orient to a myocardial ischaemia in front of undefined chest pain, to stratify the outcome of acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation, to evaluate the amount of myocardial damage following infarction, to detect the failure of thrombolysis therapy and probably to stratify the post percutaneous coronary intervention outcome.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed2002

The basics of renal imaging and function studies.

Many radiotracers are available for kidney studies. They are classified into glomerular tracers (DTPA, EDTA), tubular tracers (OIH, MAG3) and cortical tracers (DMSA, GHA). Renal function is best assessed by glomerular filtration rate. Camera studies provide a relative function assessment, whereas clearance techniques provide a precise and reliable assessment of absolute renal function. The combination of both therefore gives a comprehensive study of glomerular function. Attempts to assess absolute function from camera studies only resulted in gross inaccuracy. Tubular tracers have a higher extraction rate. This could be used to estimate renal plasma flow (by assessing the effective renal plasma flow), or to determine relative function when renal function is low, or to study the urine flow in the urinary tract. Cortical tracers provide a high imaging quality. They are more adapted to infection assessment and relative function measurements. This paper reviews the most commonly used tracers and their relationship with renal physiology. Techniques for camera static and dynamic studies and plasma and urinary clearances are detailed. Procedures follow the recommendations of the most recent international consensus conferences on the topics.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Arousal response to hypoxia in newborn mice.

We examined the arousal response to 5% O(2) in newborn mice at several ages before and after peripheral chemoreceptor resetting, namely, at 3, 12, and 48 h (n=22 in each group). Breathing was measured by whole-body flow barometric plethysmography. Sleep and arousal were determined behaviourally. We found that: (1) the arousal response was present in all age groups; (2) the arousal response occurred during the hypoxic ventilatory decline in all age groups, showing that mechanoreceptor input was not sufficient to trigger arousal; and (3) arousal latency was shorter after than before chemoreceptor resetting, suggesting a contribution of chemoreceptors to arousal. We conclude that arousal may contribute to the hypoxic ventilatory response in the early postnatal period in mice and that it should be taken into consideration in studies of ventilatory control maturation in newborns.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sensitization of resistant lymphoma cells to irradiation-induced apoptosis by the death ligand TRAIL.

A combination of antitumor approaches acting on different death pathways seems ideal for increasing therapeutic responses, especially when defined resistance mechanisms interfere with individual cellular processes. Apoptosis pathways triggered by ionizing radiation (XRT) and the death ligand TRAIL were analysed in Jurkat lymphoma cells. Both induced the activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, BID and mitochondrial potential loss. TRAIL induced apoptosis required caspase-8, whereas it was not essential for radiation induced apoptosis. The inhibition of mitochondrial damage by Bcl-2 abrogated XRT induced apoptosis and caspase activation, but only marginally attenuated TRAIL induced cell death. The combined treatment with TRAIL and XRT exerted additive apoptotic effects in control cells, whereas highly synergistic effects occurred in cells overexpressing Bcl-2. In addition, a strong effect of TRAIL on radiation induced clonogenic cell death was found. In conclusion, TRAIL seems to be of high potential value for a combination with ionizing radiation in tumor therapy.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2001

Artifact due to B(0) fluctuations in fMRI: correction using the k-space central line.

Magnetic resonance experiments require the main magnetic field, B(0), to remain very stable. Several external sources, such as moving ferromagnetic objects and/or changing electromagnetic fields, can significantly change the value of B(0) over time. This work describes an apparent displacement along the phase-encoding axis caused by a variation in B(0). This artifact was observed in fMRI images acquired with EPI. The effect was characterized and tested using an immobile phantom. The image displacement motion along the phase-encoding axis closely followed the changes in B(0). The phase of the central line in the Fourier space was successfully used to correct this artifact. Fluctuations in B(0) may result in artifacts that mimic subject head motion, and must be appropriately corrected. Magn Reson Med 46:198-201, 2001.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Doppler and angiographic endpoints: lessons from FROST and DESTINI.

The strategy of provisional stenting has been guided by functional evaluation (coronary flow reserve) and anatomic evaluation (quantitative coronary angioplasty). Two trials, FROST and DESTINI, compared provisional and systematic stenting strategies. Interestingly, they showed that 43-52% of patients were not stented on the basis of angiographic and Doppler guidance. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of restenosis (FROST) and major cardiac events (DESTINI). In conclusion, although provisional stenting appears safe and efficacious, this strategy is overshadowed by the concept of direct stenting which can shorten and simplify the procedure of angioplasty.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Learning in respiratory control.

In this article, it is argued that learning participates to fulfill the metabolic requirements by adapting respiratory control to changing internal and external states. Recent classical-conditioning experiments in newborn mice or adult rats show the close link between conditioned respiratory and arousal responses. The conditioned fear model may be a suitable and largely unexplored model of emotionally induced hyperventilation. The parabrachial nucleus and periacqueducal grey may play a pivotal role in the ventilatory component of conditioned fear. The sensitivity of breathing to conditioning in newborn and adult animals suggests that learning processes may shape breathing pattern throughout life.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Naturally occurring mutations in the melanocortin receptor 3 gene are not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in French Caucasians.

Familial genetic studies of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) of different human populations, including the French Caucasians, suggested evidence for linkage of T2DM and human chromosome 20q13, a region where maps the melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R). Likewise, its homologous MC4R in human obesity, MC3R gene is also a good candidate for genetic susceptibility to glucose intolerance and T2DM. We therefore undertook a molecular study to assess the role of genetic variations of this gene in a large cohort of French families with T2DM. In these patients, we identified two missense mutations in the MC3R gene: Val(81)Ile and Lys(6)Thr. These two variants, which were in complete linkage disequilibrium, were also present in nondiabetic controls. Based on association and familial linkage disequilibrium tests results, we found that these MC3R gene-coding variants were not associated with diabetes or obesity. These variants were found, however, marginally associated with insulin and glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance testing in normoglycemic subjects. Overall, the present study provides no evidence for a major role of the MC3R coding mutations underlying the genetic linkages of T2DM and the MC3R gene region on chromosome 20q13 in T2DM families from France and other geographical origins.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Legal aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy in prisoners].

The last report of the french Direction Générale de La Santé noted that epilepsy is twice more common in inmates than in the French population at large for the same range of age. Temporal lobe epilepsy is well known to give rise to aggressive behaviour and to psychotic syndromes. The development in prison of auto- or hetero aggressive behaviours has also been observed. We report on a 24-years-old male who was incarcerated for violence and robbery. He worked as a plumber and had no medical history except hepatitis C and use of IV drugs. Temporal lobe epilepsy was diagnosed because of auditory hallucinations. Consequences of this behaviour are discussed. Although it can be difficult to link the behavioural disorder to the disease, we would like to suggest that his delinquency could have been prevented by appropriate medical care before incarceration.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Mechanical and functional predictive factors for restenosis and arterial remodeling after experimental angioplasty].

Arterial remodelling plays an important part in post-angioplasty restenosis but the physiopathology of this process is not fully understood. Abundant collagen synthesis and endothelial dysfunction have been demonstrated after angioplasty, but their role in restenosis and remodelling has not been studied. The aim of this study was therefore to assess endothelial function and collagen with respect to the severity of restenosis and the type of arterial remodelling. Atherosclerosis was induced by an association of endothelial abrasion and a high cholesterol diet in the femoral arteries of 22 white New Zealand rabbits. Four weeks later, angioplasty was performed. The acetylcholine endothelium-dependant vasomotricity (expressed as % inhibition of contraction to phenylephrine), collagen and morphology were assessed 28 days after angioplasty. The change in acetylcholine endothelium-dependant vasomotricity was greater in severe restenosis (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Endothelium-dependant relaxation was not significantly altered when remodelling was expansive and very abnormal when it was constrictive (35.5 +/- 13.0 vs 3.7 +/- 7.9%; p = 0.04). Restenosis was associated with an increase in collagen (r = 0.69, p = 0.004). The density of collagen was significantly higher in constrictive remodelling than in expansive remodelling (34.5 +/- 4.5 vs 18.2 +/- 4.7%; p = 0.03). Endothelial dysfunction and collagen accumulation are correlated with the severity of restenosis and with constrictive remodelling after angioplasty in an experimental model.

Angioplasty↗
PubMed2001

[Changes in high-dose buprenorphine maintenance therapy at the Fleury-Merogis (France) prison since 1996].

Since the law of January 1994, the ministry of Health is responsible for inmate health in France. This law created medical wards inside French prisons by conventions between hospitals and prisons. Since July 1995, Fleury-Merogis state-prison is linked to the Sud-Francilien Hospital. During the last few years, more and more IV drug users have been incarcerated and the number of infectious diseases has increased (AIDS, hepatitis C and B). Risk behavior is rather frequent and it has become a major concern of public authorities to fight this evolution. Prisons are part of structures having to take care of IV drug users. A few months after the authorization of buprenorphine in France (March 1996), the ministry of Health decided to give access to this treatment for incarcerated IV drug users. The aim of this study is to present the evolution of maintenance medication by high dose buprenorphine in a big state-prison and to explain the difficulties we have to face. The aim of this study was also to present how this treatment can contribute to reducing infectious risks. Surveying prescription is under the control of the Pharmacy since 1995. We have studied since 1996 the number of prescriptions, segregating initialized inside the prison and prescriptions continued. We have also studied and evaluated the number of psychotropic drugs for each prescription since 1996 in "two test buildings". Evolution of self mutilations and reducing infectious risks support measures have also been studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21-q24.

Despite recent advances in the molecular genetics of type 2 diabetes, the majority of susceptibility genes in humans remain to be identified. We therefore conducted a 10-cM genomewide search (401 microsatellite markers) for type 2 diabetes-related traits in 637 members of 143 French pedigrees ascertained through multiple diabetic siblings, to map such genes in the white population. Nonparametric two-point and multipoint linkage analyzes-using the MAPMAKER-SIBS (MLS) and MAXIMUM-BINOMIAL-LIKELIHOOD (MLB) programs for autosomal markers and the ASPEX program for chromosome X markers-were performed with six diabetic phenotypes: diabetes and diabetes or glucose intolerance (GI), as well as with each of the two phenotypes associated with normal body weight (body-mass index<27 kg/m(2)) or early age at diagnosis (<45 years). In a second step, high-resolution genetic mapping ( approximately 2 cM) was performed in regions on chromosomes 1 and 3 loci showing the strongest linkage to diabetic traits. We found evidence for linkage with diabetes or GI diagnosed at age <45 years in 92 affected sib pairs from 55 families at the D3S1580 locus on chromosome 3q27-qter using MAPMAKER-SIBS (MLS = 4.67, P=.000004), supported by the MLB statistic (MLB-LOD=3.43, P=.00003). We also found suggestive linkage between the lean diabetic status and markers APOA2-D1S484 (MLS = 3. 04, P=.00018; MLB-LOD=2.99, P=.00010) on chromosome 1q21-q24. Several other chromosomal regions showed indication of linkage with diabetic traits, including markers on chromosome 2p21-p16, 10q26, 20p, and 20q. These results (a) showed evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes in French whites on chromosome 3q27-qter and (b) confirmed the previously reported diabetes-susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q24. Saturation on both chromosomes narrowed the regions of interest down to an interval of <7 cM.

Age of Onset↗