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Biomedical subjects

E Diener

Publications and source records attributed to E Diener.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect.

Research on emotions and several happiness scales suggest that positive and negative affect are strongly inversely correlated. However, work on subjective well-being indicates that over time, positive and negative affect are independent across persons. In order to reconcile this inconsistency, two dimensions are proposed for personal affective structure: the frequency of positive versus negative affect and the intensity of affect. Subjects in three studies completed daily and momentary reports on their moods. In support of the intensity dimension, the correlations between positive and negative intensity were strong and positive in all three studies. The intensities of specific emotions across persons were also highly correlated. Across the three studies the frequency and intensity of affect varied independently. Although average levels of positive and negative affect showed low correlations, this relation became strongly inverse when intensity was partialed out. Thus the intensity dimension helps explain the relative independence of positive and negative affect. In addition, emotional intensity is offered as a new personality dimension that manifests interesting characteristics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

The Satisfaction With Life Scale.

This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

How relevant are growth and maturation factors to the B lymphocyte response induced by LPS?

For the purpose of arriving at a unifying concept concerning the mechanisms in control of B lymphocyte responses, LPS or anti-lg receptor antibodies have conveniently served as substitutes for antigen. We report that the proliferative B cell responses in serum protein free medium to each of these polyclonal activators differ in the requirement for B cell growth factors (BCGF). Murine B lymphocytes which were prestimulated with anti-lg (Fab')2 antibody could readily be induced by semipurified BCGF (containing some IL2 activity) to incorporate thymidine. In contrast, B lymphocytes which were prestimulated with LPS failed to respond to BCGF, but could be restimulated by LPS. We have also shown that the dependence on B cell maturation factors of antigen affinity enriched B lymphocytes to develop into antibody forming cells (AFC) in response to LPS, depends on the antigen for which they were selected. B cells that have been affinity enriched with chicken red blood cells (CRBC) and stimulated by LPS to proliferate require maturation factors in order to generate a CRBC specific IgM response. In contrast, B cells that have been affinity enriched for TNP may be induced by LPS alone to generate TNP specific AFC independent of maturation factors. The results question the general validity of theoretical concepts concerning the role of lymphokines in B cell triggering, where such concepts are derived from experiments with LPS-activated B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Person x situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models.

Two models of Person x Situation interaction wee examined. The first model predicts that there is a relation between personality and the situations people naturally choose to be in; the second model predicts that when there is congruence between the situation and personality, a person will experience more positive and less negative affect. These models were investigated by using mood and activity reports gathered on 3,512 occasions sampled randomly from the everyday lives of 42 subjects. Situational dimensions were related to some but not all personality variables investigated. Need for order predicted choice of typical situations and extraversion correlated with time spent recreating socially. However, it was found that individuals did not spend more time in those settings where they experienced more positive emotions nor less time in those situations where they experienced more negative affect. In terms of the affect-congruence model, several predicted relations wee found, but several others did not reach significance. The failure of the affect-congruence model to be consistently supported was probably because the affect of individuals was relatively consistent across situations. The present results suggest that although some theoretically meaningful Person x Situation interactions do occur, they are not necessarily strong or easily predictable.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses.

Consistency and stability of feelings were examined in reports that were completed on 3,512 occasions randomly sampled from the lives of 42 subjects. The stability and consistency of responses depended on the situations, individuals, and responses involved. High degrees of consistency were unusual for single responses, although mean levels of responding tended to be both highly stable and consistent. The consistency and stability of variables covaried, suggesting a connective between the two. Persons who were more consistent across one pair of situations tended to be more consistent across other situational pairs. The results indicate that the question of whether personality consistency exists does not have a simple answer, and requires knowledge of the persons, situations, responses, and level of analysis involved.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

The independence of positive and negative affect.

Five studies on the relation between positive and negative affect are reported. In Studies 1 and 2 we found that positive feelings were remembered as being nearly independent of negative feelings in the past year, but the two types of affect were moderately negatively correlated for the past month. In Studies 3 and 5, subjects completed daily mood reports for 70 and 30 days, respectively. In Study 4, subjects completed three-week, daily, and moment mood reports and also filled out reports when they experienced strong emotions. The principal finding was that the relation between positive and negative affect differed greatly depending on the time frame. The strongest negative correlation between the two affects occurred during emotional times. The correlation decreased in a linear fashion as the time span covered increased logarithmically. It appears that positive and negative affect are independent in terms of how much people feel in their lives over longer time periods. Researchers need to focus on the processes that underlie both positive and negative affect and that are responsible for producing their relative independence.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Triggering of affinity-enriched B cells. II. Composition and B cell triggering properties of affinity-purified, antigen-specific, T cell-derived helper factor.

Antigen-specific, T cell-derived helper factor (ASHF), recognizing alloantigens on chicken red blood cells (CRBC), had previously been shown to trigger an IgM anti-CRBC response in vitro by 2 X 10(3) affinity-enriched B cells. Triggering signals for B cell proliferation were shown to be substituted by ASHF or lipopolysaccharide, and signals for differentiation to IgM production by Thy-1+ cells. In an effort to demonstrate unequivocally antigen specificity of helper factor, secretory products and cell extracts from helper T cells that had been primed by either the B2 or the B13 chicken alloantigens, were purified by antigen affinity and ion exchange chromatography. With each step of purification, antigen-specific biologic activity of ASHF-containing material increased such that ASHF from B2, but not B13, primed helper T cells would help trigger a B2, but not a B13, -specific response and vice versa. Gel filtration of ASHF suggests it to have a m.w. of at least 50,000. Absorption studies showed that ASHF binds to B cells in the absence of antigen. Delivery of the triggering signal requires ASHF to bind simultaneously to both, the cell surface and the antigen. ASHF consists of at least two subunits that may be separated from each other by chelating agents. This yields two biologically inactive fractions, only one of which binds to the nominal antigen. Upon recombining them in the presence of Ca++, full biologic activity is restored.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Induction of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses by antigen-specific helper factors.

Antigen-specific helper factors (ASHF) were purified by antigen-affinity chromatography from supernatants of long-term helper T lymphocyte (TH) lines. We have modified an established helper-dependent assay system to demonstrate the antigen specificity and H-2 restriction properties of ASHF in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). Antigen specificity is demonstrated by the binding of ASHF molecules only to nominal antigen, both during purification and in tests of functional activity. Our ASHF preparations do not contain any interleukin 2 (IL 2) activity. The ASHF, purified by antigen-affinity chromatography in the presence of Ca++, is defined as Ca++-sufficient ASHF, whereas ASHF purified on antigen-affinity columns in the absence of Ca++ is defined to be Ca++ deficient. Ca++-sufficient ASHF is not H-2 restricted (as defined by the phenotype of the ASHF-producing cells) in the recognition of nominal antigen or in its interactions with CTLp or adherent stimulator cells. In contrast, when the "complete" (Ca++-sufficient) ASHF is functionally dissociated into subunits by removal of Ca++, the "incomplete" antigen-specific subunit of ASHF (Ca++-deficient ASHF) is still H-2-unrestricted in its ability to bind nominal antigen, but requires products from syngeneic adherent cells to trigger CTLp. When adherent cells that are H-2 identical to the ASHF are provided in culture, the "incomplete" ASHF is able to trigger either syngeneic or allogeneic CTLp in an antigen-specific manner. We interpret the results of our experiments to suggest that an H-2-restricted molecular interaction occurs in CTLp induction by ASHF. An antigen-specific, TH-derived receptor appears to require association with Ca++ and self major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules to form a "complete" ASHF that is able to trigger CTLp in an apparently H-2-unrestricted manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Quantitation of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b capsular polysaccharide antigen in body fluids by enzyme immunoassay.

A heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed to quantify capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) polyribosyl - polyribitol -phosphate (PRP) in body fluids. Anti-Hib immunoglobulin G form rabbit adsorbed to the solid phase reacts with PRP existing in free soluble form in cerebrospinal fluid, serum or urine during Hib infection. IgG-anti-Hib labelled with horseradish peroxidase then links to PRP; the enzyme activity is measured by oxidation of the chromogenic substrate o-phenylenediamine. PRP concentrations ranged between 2 micrograms/1 to 21 mg/1 detected in acute Hib disease. The applicability of the EIA as a diagnostic aid is limited by cross-reaction of other bacterial antigens. However, quantitative measurements of PRP by enzyme immunoassay should improve studies on Hib disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tolerance induction during ontogeny. III. Carrier recognition by the immature and adult immune system determines tolerogenicity of hapten-carrier conjugates.

Hapten-specific B-cell tolerance may be induced by nonimmunogenic hapten derivatives of carboxylmethylcellulose or methylcellulose (MC) in adult, neonatal, or irradiated fetal liver reconstituted mice. Such tolerance was shown to occur independent of T cells, and a receptor blockade has been ruled out as a causative mechanism. Oxidation and subsequent reduction of the vicinal hydroxyl groups of both carriers significantly reduces their tolerogenic potential in adult mice, yet their hapten derivatives remain nonimmunogenic. Such chemical modification of the carrier does not affect the molecular weight and not only does not reduce the binding avidity but increases it for either free antibody- or antigen-binding cells. We have examined the ability of the immature immune system to functionally discriminate between the nominal and the chemically modified hapten conjugate. Like adult mice, the immunologically immature animals were invariably capable of distinguishing between the tolerogenic and the nontolerogenic carrier. Mice treated during ontogenic development with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-MC were found to be hapten specifically tolerant when challenged at 4 weeks of age with the TI-2 antigen DNP-Ficoll (F) but not when challenged with the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the TI-1 antigen DNP-Brucella. Moreover, neonatal mice treated for 8 weeks with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin (TNP-OVA) were hapten specifically tolerant when challenged with TNP-OVA or the TI-1 antigen TNP-LPS but responded to a challenge with the TI-2 antigen TNP-F. These data suggest that B-cell tolerance in adult as well as in immunologically immature mice is not only carrier dependent but, in addition, that the carrier selects the B subpopulation to be rendered unresponsive. The most popular version of the clonal abortion hypothesis puts no constraints upon the nature of the antigen as long as the B cell is ontogenically "predisposed" toward being rendered unresponsive upon contact with a ligand of sufficiently high binding avidity. Our data are at variance with this prediction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Tolerance induction during ontogeny. II. Distinct unresponsive states in immature mice question the generality of clonal abortion.

Multivalent trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of both human gamma-globulin (HGG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are capable of inducing hapten-specific unresponsiveness in neonatal mice, as assessed by challenge with TNP on thymus-dependent carriers. When such mice are challenged with TNP on thymus-independent carriers, however, only TNP-HGG- but not TNP-BSA-treated mice are found to be substantially unresponsive to the hapten. Moreover, unresponsiveness induced by BSA, but not HGG, as a carrier was associated with the presence of antigen-specific suppressor cells. Thus, contrary to predictions made by defendants of the classical clonal abortion hypothesis, functional deletion of hapten-specific B cells appears to depend on the nature of the hapten-carrier complex. This conclusion is supported by B cell-precursor frequency estimates indicating that the number of hapten-specific precursor cells is significantly lower in TNP-HGG-treated mice, but remains unaltered in TNP-BSA-treated mice relative to the precursor frequency in untreated animals. While it remains a formal possibility that the differences in tolerogenicity seen between the two carriers can be interpreted in terms of a difference in serum half-life, we favor the interpretation that the distinction lies in molecular aspects of the carrier, which allow for differences in antigen handling by sets of interacting cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Triggering of affinity-enriched B cells. Analysis of B cell stimulation by antigen-specific helper factor or lipopolysaccharide. I. Dissection into proliferative and differentiative signals.

Proliferative and differentiative signals controlling the in vitro IgM response by unprimed, affinity-enriched B cells were studied using conditions under which as few as 2,000 B cells stimulated by antigen-specific, Ia-positive, allogeneically restricted, T cell-derived helper factor (Hf) or the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) yielded on the average 400 antibody-forming cells (AFC) by direct plaque assay. Antigen alone induces neither B cell proliferation nor differentiation into AFC. Proliferation but not differentiation into AFC is induced when affinity-enriched B cells are cultured in the presence of Ag and Hf or LPS but in the absence of nonantigen-specific, radioresistant, accessory (A) cells. For the induction of a complete Hf- or LPS-mediated AFC response, cultures must be reconstituted with A cells or the secretory product(s) of these cells. The antigen-specific response depends strictly on the presence of the Hf specific for the relevant antigen, regardless of the cell cycle state of cooperating B cells. The differentiative signal from A cells is due, at least in part, to the presence of a Thy-1.2-bearing population of cells. In the case of the LPS-mediated, but not the Hf-mediated response. A cells can be substituted by using supernatant derived from an interleukin 2-secreting T lymphoma cell line (EL4). In the presence of histocompatible Hf and B cells, histoincompatible A cells can still cooperate in the immune response. However, the degree of allogeneic restriction between incompatible Hf and B cells is markedly increased if both B cells and A cells are incompatible with Hf.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Can experimental B cell tolerance serve as a model for self tolerance?

We have examined the abilities of the mature and immature immune systems to discriminate between tolerogenic and nontolerogenic forms of a hapten-carrier conjugate; both forms are multivalent nonimmunogenic polymers of the same molecular weight, and have the same avidity for free, hapten-specific antibody and hapten-binding B cells. Hapten-specific tolerance was induced in adult B cells by nonimmunogenic dinitrophenylated carboxymethyl cellulose or methyl cellulose. Oxidation and subsequent reduction of the vicinal hydroxyl groups of both carriers aborgated tolerogenicity, although they remained nonimmunogenic. This chemical modification did not affect the carrier's molecular weight, and it did not reduce the binding avidity of their hapten derivatives to hapten-specific antibody or to antigen-binding B cells. The same experiments, when carried out in either neonatal mice or mice that had been lethally irradiated and given the above compounds during treatment with 13-day-old fetal liver cells, invariably yielded the same results. Like adult mice, these immunologically immature animals were capable of distinguishing between the tolerogenic and the nontolerogenic form of each antigen. It has also been shown (C. A. Waters et al., in preparation) that neonatally induced tolerance to TNP-HGG is irreversible, whereas tolerance to TNP-BSA is reversible by challenge with TNP-LPS. These results are in conflict with the clonal abortion hypothesis.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Antigen recognition. V. Requirement for histocompatibility between antigen-presenting cell and B cell in the response to a thymus-dependent antigen, and lack of allogeneic restriction between T and B cells.

The restrictions imposed by the major histocompatibility complex on T-B-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions were studied with an in vivo adoptive transfer system, using mutually tolerant T and B cells taken from one-way fetal liver chimeras. It was found that the B cells and adoptive recipient (which provides APC function) have to share determinants encoded by the left-hand end of the H-2 complex for cooperation, whereas there is apparently no such requirement for T-B cell syngeneicity. Suppression arising from allogeneic effects between the host and the transferred T or B cells was excluded by the use of tolerant as well as normal adoptive recipients; both were functionally equivalent. We conclude that under experimental conditions, unrestricted helper T cell function and concurrent APC-B cell genetic restriction can be demonstrated in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide detection and measurement by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

A direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular antigen. Using polystyrene as the solid phase and peroxidase-labelled rabbit antibody the assay detected the antigen in concentrations of 0.1 ng/ml. Linearity was achieved within the range of 1ng to 10 microgram/ml. Subtle measurements of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular antigen in body fluids are possible through ELISA which is superior to counterimmunoelectrophoresis and latex-particle agglutination in this respect. ELISA should facilitate investigations concerning PRP pathogenic effects in experimental Hib infection as well as in human Hib disease.

Blood↗
PubMed1980

Hemopoietic colonies on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo: induction by embryonic, adherent, non-hemopoietic spleen cells.

Granulocytic and erythrocytic colonies developed on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) following the inoculation of chick embryo spleen cells. Dose response and kinetic experiments showed that the colonies were derived from cell aggregates present in the inoculum. Dissociation and reaggregation studies of the CAM colony-inducing cells (CAM-CIC) indicated that these cells must be present as aggregates in order to form colonies. Results from the morphology and cell marker experiments suggested that the colony-inducing aggregates (CAM-CIA) attract and support the differentiation of primitive host hemopoietic cells. The physical characteristics of the CAM-CIC, which are different from those of the hemopoietic progenitor cells, indicated that they represent a stromal cell population of the chick embryo spleen. Further evidence supporting this notion was provided by the radiation studies which showed that the colony-inducing ability of the CAM-CIC is radioresistant. The above characteristics of the CAM-CIC strongly suggest that they represent the stromal cells of the chick embryo spleen which influence hemopoiesis.

Allantois↗
PubMed1980

In vitro cooperation of a antigen-specific T cell-derived helper factor, B cells, and adherent cells or their secretory product in a primary IgM response to chicken MHC antigens.

The primary in vitro IgM response to the major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens expressed on chicken red blood cells (CRBC) has been shown to critically depend on the cooperation between antigen-specific helper factor from CRBC-primed thymus-derived helper (T) cells, bone marrow-derived (B) cells, and radioresistant (A) cells. A 500- to 1000-fold enrichment for immunocompetent B cells by means of a rosette technique permitted the culturing of as few as 2000 B cells that yielded on the average 500 plaque-forming cells against CRBC within 3 days of culture. Cell reconstitution experiments clearly showed that the presence of A cells can be circumvented by an A cell-derived secretory product. This is in disagreement with the hypothesis that helper factor acts as a mediator for antigen presentation on the A cell surface membrane. The spectrum of helper factor cross-reactivity with respect to certain alleles of the B locus was found comparable to that of antibody.

Animals↗