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Biomedical subjects

E D Wish

Publications and source records attributed to E D Wish.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Comparing the impact of standard and abbreviated treatment in a therapeutic community. Findings from the district of Columbia treatment initiative experiment.

This study examines the efficacy of providing Enhanced Abbreviated or Standard Inpatient treatment and Outpatient treatment to drug-abusing clients. The experiment randomly assigned 412 clients to two therapeutic community programs, which differed primarily in planned duration. This study addressed limitations of prior research, as it used random assignment of clients to treatment programs, achieved high follow-up rates and used objective measures of drug use and criminal history. Self-reports and objective measures of criminal activity and substance abuse were collected at pre- and posttreatment interviews. Completing the entire 12-month program (inpatient and outpatient) was more important than duration of inpatient program attended. Regardless of program, completers had substantial reductions in posttreatment drug abuse and arrests. A 12-month course of treatment including at least 6 months in a therapeutic community followed by outpatient treatment can produce marked reductions in drug abuse and crime among persons who complete both phases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The validity of self-reports of drug use at treatment admission and at followup: comparisons with urinalysis and hair assays.

Studies conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s concluded that people will provide valid information about their illicit drug use when research interviews are conducted under appropriate conditions. Recent studies of treated and untreated populations using improved urinalysis techniques as well as hair analysis techniques indicate that the validity of respondents' self-reports of recent drug use may be considerably less than previously reported and may differ according to a number of factors. Results are presented from a study of clients participating in the Washington, DC, Treatment Initiative study who were assessed for drug use by interview, urinalysis, and hair analysis. At intake, almost all clients who tested positive had reported their use of heroin but fewer clients had reported their cocaine use. At posttreatment followup, clients underreported both heroin and cocaine use. Findings from treatment outcome studies that fail to validate and adjust their estimates of self-reported recent drug use should be interpreted with considerable caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A structural model examining the relationship between physical child abuse, sexual victimization, and marijuana/hashish use in delinquent youth: a longitudinal study.

A structural model of the relationships among physical abuse and sexual victimization experiences, marijuana/hashish use (measured by self-report and urine test data) and self-reported delinquent behavior (theft crimes, index offenses, crimes against persons, drug sales and total delinquency) over time was tested in a longitudinal study of juvenile detainees. The hypothesized model was supported by the data. Theoretical, research and policy implications of the results are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Juvenile crime and drug abuse: a prospective study of high risk youth.

Results from an ongoing, longitudinal study of juvenile detainees focusing on the relationship between their drug use and delinquency/crime, are summarized. Three hundred and ninety-nine youths were first interviewed in 1986/87, and 41 percent were found to be urine positive for recent drug use at the time of detention. We reinterviewed 305 of the youths approximately one year later, and found their drug use and delinquency persisted, and in some cases increased, over time. Treatment intervention is needed for the drug involved youths in the study to reduce their cycle of drug use and crime.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Recidivism among high-risk youths: study of a cohort of juvenile detainees.

We report some results from an ongoing, longitudinal study of juvenile detainees. Analyses were directed toward determining whether the youth's alcohol or other drug use and their emotional/psychological problems at entry into the detention center predicted subsequent arrests for new offenses. Statistically significant relationships were found between the youths' demographic characteristics (age, race, gender), referral history, reason for placement in the detention center, and cocaine use (as measured by urinalysis) and recidivism. However, the magnitudes of these relationships were low to moderate in value, suggesting that a longer follow-up period is needed to more meaningfully study this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Recidivism among high risk youths: a 2 1/2-year follow-up of a cohort of juvenile detainees.

We report some results from a longitudinal study of juvenile detainees. Analyses were directed toward determining whether the youths' alcohol or other drug use and their emotional/psychological problems at entry into the detention center predicted subsequent arrests for new offenses during the 24 and 30 months following their initial interviews. Statistically significant relationships were found between the youths' demographic characteristics (age, race, gender), referral history, reason for placement in the detention center, cocaine use (as measured by urinalysis), and recidivism. The magnitude of these relationships increased with the length of the follow-up period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Examination of the relationships among drug use, emotional/psychological problems, and crime among youths entering a juvenile detention center.

Urine testing and confidential interviews of youths entering a juvenile detention center in a southeastern city produced some striking results in regard to their drug use, delinquent behavior, and emotional/psychological problems. Recent users of marijuana/hashish and cocaine had higher rates of referral to juvenile court for property and drug offenses than nonusers. The results suggest that interviewing and urine testing of youthful detainees for drug use at the point of entry into secure detention is a promising method for screening youngsters with histories of delinquent behavior. Implications of these findings are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A longitudinal study of the relationships among alcohol use, marijuana/hashish use, cocaine use, and emotional/psychological functioning problems in a cohort of high-risk youths.

There is increasing recognition that children involved in the justice system often have serious, multiple problems in the areas of physical abuse, sexual exploitation, and alcohol/other drug use (ADM). Using data collected in a longitudinal study of detained juveniles, we test a model of the relationships of these problems. Significant over-time interrelationships are found among these problems. Research and policy implications of these important findings are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Physical abuse, sexual victimization, and illicit drug use: replication of a structural analysis among a new sample of high-risk youths.

Mounting evidence of serious adverse consequences of childhood physical and sexual abuse has important implications for public health officials and care providers. Given the potential impact on social policy of this area of inquiry, programmatic research is needed for the validation of theoretical models across populations and over time. This study, based on a sample of high-risk youths, replicates a structural model that specified the influence of child physical and sexual abuse on self-derogation and drug use. Results suggest that for male and female youths, physical abuse and sexual victimization had a direct effect on self-derogation and illicit drug use, and an indirect effect on drug use that was mediated by self-derogation. Moreover, structural coefficients for the model were found to be identical across gender. Subsequent analyses demonstrated the equivalence of the structural model of child physical and sexual abuse on drug use across two study cohorts. Implications for the identification and treatment of youths in high-risk groups are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Daily marijuana use and problem behaviors among adolescents.

Previous research by Johnston has shown that high school seniors who are daily marijuana users are distinct from the larger population of seniors in a variety of ways. This paper focuses on adolescent daily marijuana users. It replicates Johnston's work and also qualifies it in an important way. We find that level of marijuana use does not make a significant independent contribution to school problems when such critical factors as lifetime cigarette smoking, lifetime multiple drug use, whether respondent has ever used an illicit drug, rebelliousness, and gender, are taken into account. It is concluded that use of marijuana is only one element in a large and complex picture of interrelated problems and behaviors.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between physical and sexual abuse and illicit drug use: a replication among a new sample of youths entering a juvenile detention center.

The relationship between child physical and sexual abuse and illicit drug use are little understood and underinvestigated. Our previous study of this association found that a sample of detained youths' physical and sexual abuse experiences were related significantly and positively to their use of illicit drugs. Data gathered from a new sample of detained juveniles, interviewed 3 years after our first study, relating to this issue were examined and our previous findings were replicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Identifying drug-abusing criminals.

In a criminal justice setting, urine testing is the most feasible and accurate method now available for screening large numbers of drug-using offenders. Self-report and record information can be effectively used to verify and extend information about the seriousness of use for those who test positive. The newer RIAH methods offer promise for delineating patterns of drug use over time if the method is valid, can be standardized, and gains acceptance from the scientific and judicial communities.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗