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Biomedical subjects

E D Glover

Publications and source records attributed to E D Glover.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Relationship between drug exposure and the efficacy and safety of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation.

A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis evaluated the relationships of dose, plasma concentrations of bupropion and metabolites, and patient covariates with the safety and efficacy of bupropion sustained release (SR) for smoking cessation. A total of 519 outpatient chronic cigarette smokers were randomized to one of three bupropion SR doses: 100, 150, or 300 mg/day or placebo. The bupropion plasma concentration time data were fit and subject-specific bayesian estimates of clearance were obtained. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the role of dose, concentrations, and covariates in predicting efficacy and safety endpoints. For the evaluation of efficacy, patients were classified as quitters or non-quitters on the basis of a 4-week quit variable (defined as complete abstinence for weeks 4-7 of the study). For the evaluation of safety, patients were classified into two categories for each adverse event evaluated, corresponding to whether the patient ever experienced the adverse event during the course of the study or never experienced the event, regardless of whether the event was treatment-emergent. The efficacy of bupropion SR in facilitating smoking cessation was found to be related to dose and a mean metabolite concentration, and quitting in general was found to be related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline. Smoking cessation was 1.42, 1.69, and 2.84 times more likely in patients receiving 100, 150, and 300 mg/day of bupropion SR, respectively, as compared to placebo (p = 0.0001). As the baseline number of cigarettes smoked per day increased, the likelihood of quitting decreased regardless of the treatment condition. Insomnia and dry mouth were positively associated with mean metabolite concentrations, and dry mouth was inversely related to patient weight. Anxiety was inversely related to predicted steady-state concentration (Cpss), suggesting a positive effect on this withdrawal symptom. Bupropion SR exhibits a statistically significant dose/plasma level-response relationship for smoking cessation. Dry mouth and insomnia, related to concentrations, may be managed with dose reduction, with the realization that smoking cessation may be impaired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Bupropion for smoking cessation : predictors of successful outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of smoking abstinence at the end of medication use that could assist in the optimal use of a sustained-release (SR) form of bupropion for treating cigarette smokers. DESIGN: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. SETTING: Multicenter (three sites) study conducted in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred fifteen healthy men and women (> or = 18 years of age) who were smoking > or = 15 cigarettes per day and who were motivated to stop smoking. INTERVENTION: Random assignment of patients to placebo or SR bupropion treatment, 100, 150, or 300 mg/d, for 7 weeks (total duration of study was 52 weeks: 7 weeks of treatment and 45 weeks of follow-up). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of abstinence at the end of the medication phase. Univariate predictors included the following: bupropion dose (p < 0.001); older age (p = 0.024); lower number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) (p < 0.001); lower Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire score (p = 0.011); longest time previously abstinent that was < 24 h or > 4 weeks (p < 0.001); absence of other smokers in the household (p = 0.021); greater number of previous stop attempts (p = 0.019); and study site (p = 0.004). Multivariate predictors of abstinence at the end of the medication phase were the following: higher bupropion dose (p < 0.001); lower number of cpd (p < 0.001); longest time previously abstinent from smoking (p = 0.002); male gender (p = 0.014); and study site (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Bupropion SR therapy was effective in treating cigarette smokers independently of all other characteristics studied. Lower smoking rate, brief periods (ie, < 24 h) or long periods (ie, > 4 weeks) of abstinence with previous attempts to stop smoking, and male gender were predictive of better outcomes, independent of the dose of bupropion that was used.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Correlates of youth smokeless tobacco use.

The objectives of this study are to identify knowledge and attitude variables that correlate with smokeless tobacco use and how youth users and non-users differ in their attitudes and knowledge about smokeless tobacco. A randomized cluster sample of 1834 total fifth, eighth, and 11th grade students in West Virginia public schools during the 1996-1997 school year were surveyed on smokeless tobacco knowledge, attitudes and practices. Data from 648 male non-users and 160 male monthly and daily users of smokeless tobacco were compared using chi 2 and two-tailed t-tests. Logistic regression analysis of survey variables revealed the following correlates of smokeless tobacco use: having a family member not living in the home who uses, having a friend who uses, playing football, having tried cigarettes, and having parents who would permit use at home. Important differences exist in knowledge and attitudes regarding smokeless tobacco between users and non-users in fifth, eighth, and 11th grade West Virginia public schools. Correlates of smokeless tobacco use are identified which can be used to target prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of nicotine patch delivery systems 4 to 5 years post-quit day.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of transdermal nicotine delivery systems 4 to 5 years post-quit day. METHODS: A follow-up study was conducted 48 to 62 months after quit day among patients who were enrolled in the Transdermal Nicotine Study Group investigation. The latter study included group smoking cessation counseling and randomized assignment to 21, 14, or 7 mg nicotine patches or placebo patches. Seven of nine smoking cessation research centers participated in the long term follow-up investigation. RESULTS: The self-reported continuous quit rate among patients originally assigned 21 mg (20.2%) was significantly higher than rates for patients assigned 14 mg (10.4%), 7 mg (11.8%), or placebo patches (7.4%). Log rank survival analysis found no difference in relapse rates after 1 year postcessation. Smokers under age 30 years were significantly less likely to be abstinent at long term follow-up compared to smokers > or = 30 years of age (3 vs 13%, respectively). Mean weight gain in confirmed continuous quitters was 10.1 kg in men and 8.0 kg in women. Of the 63 continuous abstainers surveyed, 30 respondents (48%) reported that they no longer craved cigarettes, and no individual reported daily craving for cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine patch therapy with 21 mg/day patches resulted in a significantly higher long-term continuous abstinence rate compared to lower dose patches and placebo. Relapse rates among the various treatment conditions were similar after 1 year postcessation.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: A past history of major depression or alcoholism has been associated with poorer smoking treatment outcomes. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism, and changes in depressive symptoms during smoking abstinence. METHOD: Data were drawn from a multicentre trial of bupropion for smoking cessation. Smokers (n = 615) received placebo or bupropion sustained-release at 100, 150, or 300 mg/day for six weeks after target quit date (TQD). The primary outcome was the point prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of treatment and at one year. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depressive symptoms. RESULTS: A significant dose-response effect of bupropion for smoking cessation was found. This was independent of history of major depression or alcoholism. Among those continuously abstinent from smoking for two weeks following TQD, an increase in BDI score was associated with a return to smoking at end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bupropion is efficacious for smoking cessation independently of a former history of major depression or alcoholism. Increases in depressive symptoms during an initial period of abstinence are associated with a return to smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Trials of antidepressant medications for smoking cessation have had mixed results. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a sustained-release form of bupropion for smoking cessation. We excluded smokers with current depression, but not those with a history of major depression. The 615 subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo or bupropion at a dose of 100, 150, or 300 mg per day for seven weeks. The target quitting date (or "target quit date") was one week after the beginning of treatment. Brief counseling was provided at base line, weekly during treatment, and at 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks. Self-reported abstinence was confirmed by a carbon monoxide concentration in expired air of 10 ppm or less. RESULTS: At the end of seven weeks of treatment, the rates of smoking cessation as confirmed by carbon monoxide measurements were 19.0 percent in the placebo group, 28.8 percent in the 100-mg group, 38.6 percent in the 150-mg group, and 44.2 percent in the 300-mg group (P<0.001). At one year the respective rates were 12.4 percent, 19.6 percent, 22.9 percent, and 23.1 percent. The rates for the 150-mg group (P=0.02) and the 300-mg group (P=0.01) -- but not the 100-mg group (P=0.09) -- were significantly better than those for the placebo group. Among the subjects who were continuously abstinent through the end of treatment, the mean absolute weight gain was inversely associated with the dose (a gain of 2.9 kg in the placebo group, 2.3 kg in 100-mg and 150-mg groups, and 1.5 kg in the 300-mg group; P= 0.02). No effects of treatment were observed on depression scores as measured serially by the Beck Depression Inventory. Thirty-seven subjects stopped treatment prematurely because of adverse events; the frequency was similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: A sustained-release form of bupropion was effective for smoking cessation and was accompanied by reduced weight gain and minimal side effects. Many participants in all groups were smoking at one year.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of alcohol consumption and recreational boating in Beaufort County, North Carolina.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between alcohol use and recreational boating activities. Two hundred eleven (n = 211) boaters were surveyed at three boating access locations in Beaufort County, North Carolina. The survey questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions designed to obtain information on boat operators and their use of alcoholic beverages while engaging in boating activities. Prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were significantly associated (p < .05) with the type of activity engaged in. Among those boaters who had received some type of boating safety education, a higher prevalence of alcohol use while boating was observed. The prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were found to be significantly (p < .05) associated with the location (public versus private) of boating access. In light of the findings, it is apparent that boating alcohol education and legislation for the North Carolina boating population need assessment and revision. The implications of the findings could have far-reaching effects upon education and prevention among the recreational boating population, particularly if further research in this area supports these finding.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

OTC nicotine gum.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1989

Smokeless tobacco use among American college students.

This study sought to delineate patterns of smokeless tobacco use among college students in the United States. A national sample (N = 5,894) of approximately equal numbers of men and women from 72 colleges and universities participated in the study. Eight percent of the college students in the Northeast used smokeless tobacco, whereas 15% in the South Central United States were using it. Seventeen percent of the American Indian, 14% of Mexican-American, 12% of white, and 4% of black students reported they had dipped or chewed. Smokeless tobacco users were more likely to have family and friends who also used smokeless tobacco. Almost two thirds (63%) of current users plan to continue to dip or chew. More than half (57%) the users consumed less than two cans or pouches per week. Smokeless tobacco is a serious problem in American colleges and universities. Unless prevention and cessation efforts target this group, the problem will continue to increase and ultimately could result in an oral cancer epidemic.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

Smokeless tobacco use by youth in the U.S.

Oral snuff and chewing tobacco, commonly referred to as smokeless tobacco, are being used by many adolescent and young adult males, and no indication exists that use by this group is declining. Users are at risk for oral cancer, noncancerous oral pathology such as leukoplakias, and addiction. Information about patterns of smokeless tobacco use and motivations of users may help planners develop and implement interventions. Variables include the importance of peer and family influences, social image, knowledge of harmful effects, regional differences, use of other substances, and addiction. Due to the addictive nature of smokeless tobacco, older youth may need cessation programs. Health educators are encouraged to include smokeless tobacco in their tobacco use prevention programs and to develop and implement comprehensive tobacco interventions appropriate for their youth population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Age of initiation and switching patterns between smokeless tobacco and cigarettes among college students in the United States.

A stratified, random, multi-stage, cluster sample of physical activity classes among 72 colleges and universities throughout the United States yielded 5,894 usable responses (males = 2,888); (females = 3,006). Twenty-three per cent of the students who began smoking before the age of 10 were current smokers, while 61 per cent of those who began using smokeless tobacco before the age of 10 were current smokeless tobacco users. College students were more likely to switch from smokeless tobacco to cigarettes than from smoking cigarettes to smokeless tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Personality profiles associated with smokeless tobacco use patterns.

The purpose of this study was to examine the personality characteristics of male dippers and chewers of smokeless tobacco. The study objective was to determine any differences in personality characteristics between dippers and chewers of smokeless tobacco and nonusers. A survey at a southeastern university provided a sample of 289 males, of which 55 (19%) were smokeless tobacco users. Each subject was administered a demographic data sheet and Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). Smokeless tobacco users were categorized as snuff dippers or tobacco chewers, and comparisons of personality characteristics were made between persons who exclusively dipped, persons who exclusively chewed, persons who dipped and chewed, and persons who did neither. The results of the study indicated that smokeless tobacco use is primarily a White male habit; very few Blacks or other racial groups consumed smokeless tobacco among this population. Significant (p less than 0.05) personality differences between snuff dippers and tobacco chewers were noted. Snuff dippers were more socially outgoing, enthusiastic, imaginative and group dependent than chewers. Chewers were found to be more uncompromising, critical in outlook and practical and less easily influenced by others than dippers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Proposed definition of a smokeless tobacco user based on "potential" nicotine consumption.

This study examined and operationally defined "light," "moderate," and "heavy" users of smokeless tobacco according to the potential amounts of nicotine consumed per week from chewing tobacco and/or snuff products. Fifty adult male smokeless tobacco users ranging in ages from 18-85 were tested to determine nicotine content of smokeless tobacco products consumed. The smokeless tobacco products were blindly analyzed by gas chromatography to determine nicotine content. Mean nicotine yield per week was calculated by multiplying the number of cans and/or pouches used per week and placed on a normal probability distribution. The mean nicotine yielded 238 mg/wk and the categories emerged as "light" less than or equal to 87 mg/wk, "moderate" 88-388 mg/wk and "heavy" users greater than or equal to 389 mg/wk. Differences regarding type of user (light, moderate, heavy) were crossed tabbed with educational levels, years of smokeless tobacco use, age the habit was initiated, perception of harm and whether habit forming, and reason for using smokeless tobacco.

Adolescent↗