The three limits to prevent X-ray tube damage.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to E D Frank.
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Noninvasive monitoring of x-ray output waveforms during acceptance testing, quality of control, and troubleshooting is beneficial in an ongoing radiographic quality assurance program. The intent of waveform monitoring is to watch for abnormalities that provide additional information about the condition of the x-ray system. Because waveform monitoring is performed generally in conjunction with other quality control procedures, few, if any, additional exposures are needed and length of the testing time is affected minimally. In six years of experience with acceptance testing, quality control, and troubleshooting on more than 160 radiographic and fluoroscopic units, noninvasive waveform monitoring has detected numerous abnormalities that would have affected image quality, generator calibration, and equipment life.
Lesions of the pancreas are considered to be among the most difficult lesions to visualize roentgenographically. The capability of computed tomography to record accurately the attenuation coefficients of human body tissue in cross section has enabled detailed images of the pancreas to be obtained for the first time. Computed tomography is proving to be one of the most reliable imaging modalities for demonstrating some of the many complex lesions of the pancreas.
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The posteroanterior projection was studied to determine if it could be a substitute for the commonly used anteroposterior projection as a method of reducing x-ray exposure to specific radiosensitive organs during intracranial tomography and scoliosis radiography. The use of the posteroanterior projection resulted in a reduction of 95% in exposure to the lens of the eye during intracranial tomography and of more than 90% to the thyroid, sternum, and breasts during scoliosis radiography. In addition to the major reduction in radiation exposure, the diagnostic capability of the examination was not reduced and comfort in most patients was not affected.
In mechanized radiographic film processors that process medium to low volumes of film, roll films, and those that process single-emulsion films from nuclear medicine scans, computed tomography, and ultrasound, it is difficult to maintain the developer solution at a stable processing level. We describe our experience using flood replenishment, which is a method in which developer replenisher containing starter solution is introduced in the processor at timed intervals, independent of the number of films being processed. By this process, a stable level of developer activity is maintained in a processor used to develop a medium to low volume of single-emulsion film.