Biomedical subjects

E Cox

Publications and source records attributed to E Cox.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Expression of beta 2 integrins on blood leukocytes of cows with or without bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

Peripheral blood leukocytes of 11 normal cows, 7 cows heterozygous and 2 heifers homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) were analysed by flow cytometry for the intensity of their beta 2 integrin expression (LFA-1(CD11a/CD18), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18)). BLAD-homozygotes revealed no or a very weak expression of the beta 2 integrins and had a 10-fold and 4- to 5-fold increase in absolute number of neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, whereas the absolute number of lymphocytes remained normal. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the beta 2 integrins (CD18) in heterozygous animals was 56 to 90% of this in the normal cows (MFI between 14 and 512). The difference in the expression level was most pronounced for LFA-1 on the small cluster of lymphocytes with the highest MFI for LFA-1. Repeated analysis and phorbol myristate acetate stimulation revealed that the LFA-1 expression on this high-expressing cell population of the peripheral blood allowed a ready identification of BLAD-heterozygotes by flow cytometry.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effect of beta-carboline-3-carboxoylate-t-butyl ester on ventilatory control.

beta-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (beta CCT) is the most selective antagonist for the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor subtype which blocks anticonvulsant and antipunishment (anxiolytic) but not sedative and myorelaxant effects of diazepam. We sought to determine whether the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 BZ receptor subtype modulates ventilation and whether beta CCT antagonizes respiratory depressant effects of BZ's. Room air (RA) ventilation and the ventilatory response to 6% & 12% CO2 were non-invasively assessed by barometric plethysmography in 30 gm mice, n = 11. Plethysmograph signal amplitude (AMP), respiratory rate (RR) and minute ventilatory effort (MVE = AMP*RR), were measured. Runs were performed pre-drug & after IP injection of saline, vehicle for beta CCT, beta CCT (60mg/kg), midazolam (10mg/kg), and midazolam followed by beta CCT. Compared with pre-drug value, midazolam depressed MVE during RA and CO2 stimulation (% of pre-drug value: RA:57.7 +/- 17.4%, 6% CO2:53.73 +/- 14.3%, 12% CO2:69.1 +/- 26.1%, p < .0001, ANOVA). Subsequent beta CCT partially reversed this depression during RA conditions (72.8 +/- 25.7% of pre-drug value, p < .03 compared with midazolam) and 6% CO2 stimulation (67.1 +/- 10.7% of pre-drug value, p < .006 compared with midazolam) but not with 12% CO2. Thus, the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 BZ receptor subtype modulates ventilation and beta CCT partially antagonizes respiratory depressant effects of BZ's.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Induction and suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by antigen extracts of Ostertagia ostertagi.

To obtain an insight into the responses of T-cells of cattle to Ostertagia ostertagi, the responses of peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes to O. ostertagi antigen extracts were determined in both exposed and naive calves. The lymphocyte responses induced by O. ostertagi antigen extracts of the third (L3) and fourth (L4) larval stages, as well as adult worms, were analysed. Although peripheral blood lymphocyte responses were very low or absent, abomasal lymph node lymphocytes of exposed animals showed a strong response to the L3 antigen extract. No such response was observed in naive calves or in mesenteric lymph node cells of exposed calves. L4 and adult worm antigen extracts suppressed the proliferative responses induced by the L3 antigen extract. Whether or not this suppressive effect plays a role in the slow rate at which protective immunity develops against O. ostertagi is under further investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes with recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins D and B: results of a placebo-controlled vaccine trial.

To determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D and B vaccine in the treatment of recurrent genital herpes, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial was held at two referral centers. Healthy patients with 4-14 recurrences per year received injections of both glycoproteins in MF59 adjuvant or of MF59 alone at 0, 2, 12, and 14 months. For 18 study months, the rate and number of recurrences, the duration and severity of the first confirmed recurrence, vaccine immunogenicity, and rates of local and systemic reactions were determined. The monthly rate of recurrences was not significantly improved, but the duration and severity of the first study outbreak was reduced significantly by vaccination. Glycoprotein-specific and neutralizing antibodies were boosted by vaccination for the duration of the study. This vaccine is safe and immunogenic and ameliorated an observed first postvaccination genital recurrence, but it does not reduce recurrence frequency.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Minimizing graft rejection in allogeneic T cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation.

Between October 1991 and May 1994, 42 patients were treated with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and total body irradiation followed by an allogeneic transplantation of marrow depleted of T cells with soybean agglutinin and E-rosetting. Patients included in this study had acute myelogenous leukemia (13), chronic myelogenous leukemia (12), acute lymphocytic leukemia (nine), Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (four), multiple myeloma (three), or myelodysplastic syndrome (one). The mean age was 34 (range 8 to 51 years). Nineteen patients had a matched sibling donor and 18 received marrow from 6/6 matched unrelated donors while five received transplants from unrelated donors disparate at one DR locus (5/6 match). Time to granulocyte engraftment (AGC > or = 500/mm3) occurred at a mean of 16.5 days for related and 11.4 days for unrelated transplant recipients, and was related to the increased use of G-CSF in the unrelated population. There was no correlation with number of mononuclear cells, T cells, or CD34-positive cells infused, the rate of engraftment or the incidence of transplant complications. Multivariate analysis determined that G-CSF administration and a diagnosis other than ALL were the only factors associated with a faster rate of engraftment. Patients receiving unrelated donor transplants, those with ALL, or those who had a low T cell number infused (< or = 8.0 x 10(3) cells/kg) experienced delayed hospital discharge. The regimen resulted in excellent rates of engraftment (95.2%) with only one failure to engraft and one graft rejection. The incidence of grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease was 0% with sibling and 26.1% with unrelated donors. There were no cases of veno-occlusive disease. Fifty percent of patients are alive with a mean follow-up of 26.4 months. We conclude that this regimen is well tolerated and results in excellent engraftment with a low incidence of severe graft-versus-host disease and few therapy-related toxicities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Antimicrobial effects of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in reducing plaque acid production--a single-brushing PGRM study.

A Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth Method (PGRM) has been used to evaluate the in vivo antimicrobial activity of a new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in comparison to a control dentifrice (Regular Crest, containing NaF) and a second commercial dentifrice containing SnF2. In the method, plaque collected from subjects prior to toothbrushing served as control for subsequent plaque samples collected following toothbrushing with assigned formulations. Inhibition of plaque metabolic activity was determined by the comparative acidogenicity of normalized plaque samples as contrasted with control plaques incubated similarly. Results from a sixteen-person cross-over study demonstrated that the improved stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice significantly reduced plaque metabolism of sucrose in comparison to both placebo and commercial SnF2 dentifrice formulations following a single toothbrushing with 2.5 grams of dentifrice for over 90 minutes following treatment. These results support the strong antimicrobial activity of the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice, currently marketed as Crest Gum Care, in inhibiting plaque metabolism/acid production following in vivo toothbrushing.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

Intestinal protection against challenge with transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs immune after infection with the porcine respiratory coronavirus.

An infection of pigs with the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) induces antibodies which neutralize the enteropathogenic transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and PRCV to the same titre. In the present study, 10-week-old seronegative pigs (n = 8), pigs immune following TGEV inoculation (n = 4) or pigs immune following aerosol (n = 8) or intragastric inoculation (n = 4) with PRCV were challenged with TGEV. Whereas TGEV-immune pigs were completely protected against challenge, all PRCV-immune pigs showed serological evidence of TGEV replication. Nevertheless, the aerosol or intragastric inoculation with PRCV primed the humoral immune system against TGEV and the TGEV challenge induced a secondary antibody response in most PRCV-immune pigs. Furthermore, all PRCV-immune pigs showed a decrease in the duration of the excretion of infectious TGEV (0-4 days) in comparison with the duration of the virus excretion by seronegative pigs (5-6 days).

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of the in vitro adhesion of K88, K99, F41 and P987 positive Escherichia coli to intestinal villi of 4- to 5-week-old pigs.

The adhesion of K88ab, K88ac, K88ad, P987, K99, F41 and K99/F41 positive Escherichia coli strains to duodenal, jejunal and ileal villi was studied using an in vitro adhesion assay. The villi were harvested from 4- to 5-week-old pigs. The K88+ strains adhered in large numbers (42 +/- 5 to 81 +/- 4 E. coli/250 microns villous length) to the villi from most pigs and in low to moderate numbers (5 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 7 E. coli/250 microns villous length) or not to villi of some pigs. The K99+ and F41+ strains either adhered in low numbers (1 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 2 E. coli/250 microns villous length) or did not adhere, whereas the P987+ and K99/F41+ strains always adhered in low to moderate numbers (2 +/- 1 to 26 +/- 2 E. coli/250 microns villous length). The number of bacteria adhering to the villi was the highest for the K88ab+ and K88ac+ strains (55 +/- 5 to 81 +/- 4 E. coli/250 microns villous length) and decreasing in the following order: K88ad > P987 > K99/F41 > K99 > F41 (= 1 +/- 1 to 4 +/- 1 E. coli/250 microns villous length). There was no difference in the adhesion of the villi of the different small intestinal segments for the P987+ and F41+ strains. The K99+ strains adhered significantly more to the villi of the caudal half of the small intestine, the K99/F41+ strain to jejunal and ileal and the K88+ strains to jejunal villi in comparison to duodenal ones.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A sero-epizootiological study of porcine respiratory coronavirus in Belgian swine.

A porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), antigenically closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), appeared in the European swine population in 1984. The present serological study was performed to obtain insight into the epizootiology of PRCV and of TGEV. PRCV-induced neutralizing antibodies were found in 90.6 per cent of the 160 sera collected from sows at slaughter, demonstrating the enzootic appearance of PRCV in the Belgian swine population. A serological study of fattening swine on 33 farms revealed that 11 farms situated in an area with a high farm density (all farms within 4 km2) and 11 on 22 closed breeding-fattening farms situated in areas with a low farm density (only one to four farms per 12 km2) were infected with PRCV throughout the year, whereas the other 11 closed breeding-fattening farms were temporarily free of PRCV. PRCV disappeared from the farms mainly in spring and summer. All the 11 farms became reinfected in autumn or winter, indicating that PRCV is regularly reintroduced in farms in the colder seasons. There was no correlation between the herd size and the temporary disappearance of PRCV from farms. It was observed on some farms that PRCV could infect pigs shortly after weaning in the presence of declining maternal antibodies, indicating that PRCV can persist on a farm by regularly infecting newly weaned pigs. TGEV-specific antibodies were found in 7.6 per cent of the 160 sera from the slaughterhouse sows. TGEV-specific antibodies were also detected in sera from fattening swine of 5 of the above mentioned 33 farms. TGEV-outbreaks were not observed on these farms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Ondansetron versus ondansetron, dexamethasone, and chlorpromazine in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with multiple-day cisplatin chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: This study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron alone (OND) or in combination with 2 days of dexamethasone and 5 days of chlorpromazine (ODC) in the prevention of emetic episodes in patients receiving multiple-day cisplatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients receiving 20 or 40 mg/m2 of cisplatin daily for 4 to 5 days plus etoposide (VP-16) alone or in combination with bleomycin or ifosfamide were randomized to receive three doses of OND (0.15 mg/kg 30 minutes before and 4 and 8 hours after cisplatin) versus the identical OND regimen plus dexamethasone 8 mg before cisplatin and 4 mg 4 and 8 hours later on days 1 and 2, plus chlorpromazine 50 mg every 4 hours for four doses per day. Patients were chemotherapy-naive, had a Karnofsky performance status > or = 60, and were not receiving nonstudy antiemetics. RESULTS: Nineteen of 22 patients (86%) on ODC had fewer than three emetic episodes throughout the study period, compared with 10 of 22 (46%) on OND (P = .009), and 55% of patients on ODC had no emetic episodes, compared with 32% on OND (P = .22). The ODC arm had fewer treatment failures (5%) than the OND arm (32%). The mean nausea ratings per visual analog scale were 15.0 for OND and 5.5 for ODC (P = .046). Headache was less frequent with ODC versus OND (14% and 41%, respectively, P = .09). CONCLUSION: ODC was superior to OND with respect to therapeutic efficacy and decreased headaches. Both OND and ODC were more effective on days 1 and 2, rather than days 4 and 5, suggesting tachyphylaxis, anticipatory nausea, or delayed nausea from the first few days of cisplatin combination chemotherapy.

Chlorpromazine↗

PubMed1992

Persistence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen after low-dose, intradermal hepatitis B immunization and response to a booster dose.

To determine the duration of antibody after low-dose, intradermal (i.d.), plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccination and the response to a booster dose, we studied two classes of medical students who were immunized with 2 micrograms doses i.d. In one class, 73/88 (85%) who had been immunized by skilled personnel at 0, 1 and 6 months, had protective concentrations (greater than or equal to 10 mIU ml-1) of anti-HBs at 20 months after the first dose. Twelve (92%) out of 13 students who received only two doses at 0 and 1 months also had protective concentrations at month 20. At month 27, 11/16 (69%) with antibody less than or equal to 10 mIU ml-1 responded to a fourth dose of 2 micrograms i.d. with protective concentrations of anti-HBs. In the second class, after three doses of vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months, protective concentrations of anti-HBs were present in 90/93 (97%) at 14 months and in 71/80 (89%) at 25 months. In those who received only two doses, protective concentrations were found in 24/31 (74%) at 14 months and 9/16 (56%) at 25 months. After a booster dose of 2 micrograms i.d. at month 25, anti-HBs concentrations rose from a geometric mean of 78 to 1198 mIU ml-1 in 60 subjects previously immunized with three doses and from 18 to 1054 mIU ml-1 in 16 students previously immunized with only two doses. Overall, 73/76 (96%) of students in the second group had protective concentrations of antibody after the booster dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Incidence and significance of isolation of Mycoplasma felis from conjunctival swabs of cats.

Conjunctival swabs taken from 40 cats with conjunctivitis and 65 cats without conjunctivitis were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma felis. The incidence of M. felis in cats with conjunctivitis was 25%. M. felis was not isolated from clinically normal cats. Inoculation of two isolates into the conjunctival sacs of healthy cats induced conjunctival hyperemia, starting 2-3 days after inoculation and disappearing without treatment within 7 days. It is concluded that M. felis plays a role in feline conjunctivitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Experimental induction of diarrhoea in newly-weaned piglets.

To induce diarrhoea and hypovolaemia, newly-weaned conventionally bred piglets (3- to 4-weeks-old), were either given secretagogues or were inoculated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Choleratoxin (n = 2), E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (n = 2) or castor oil (n = 2) were given intragastrically or piglets were intraperitoneally injected with DL 5-hydroxytryptophan (n = 3). These substances induced a transient diarrhoea without clinical symptoms of dehydration. Therefore, a combination of castor oil and DL 5-hydroxytryptophan was given two times a day during 3 consecutive days to 3 piglets. Although diarrhoea lasted for 5 days, still no hypovolaemia occurred. Probably the secretagogues have to be given continuously to mimic the continuous release of enterotoxins during secretory colibacillary diarrhoea. It was, therefore, tried to reproduce colibacillosis in the just-weaned piglets. Animals were inoculated with K88ac fimbriae producing ETEC strains (O149:K91:K88ac; LT, STa and STb positive) (n = 7), or pretreated with chloramphenicol followed by the ETEC inoculation (n = 8), or pretreated with the antibiotic, inoculated with an enteropathogenic coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and subsequently inoculated with ETEC (n = 18). Only the last procedure induced a reproducible diarrhoea (93%) and dehydration resulting in a mortality of 80%. It was concluded that the latter experimental procedure could be used to study diarrhoea and hypovolaemia in newly-weaned piglets and to evaluate the effect of potentially antisecretory drugs on postweaning diarrhoea in piglets.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Action spectrum of antiviral factor from chicken sera.

Rous sarcoma virus infections of regressor line chickens stimulate the transient production of antiviral factors in the serum. Earlier the present authors reported that a viral neutralization factor (VNF) inactivated Rous sarcoma virus during a 3-h incubation. The VNF is likely to have a broad antiviral and antimicrobial spectrum because it is active against several unrelated pathogenic poultry viruses. The present study measured the activity of VNF against Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus. The VNF is active in immunologically incompetent systems and must be preincubated with the virus in order to inhibit it. Based upon the current experiments, it is proposed that VNF is not an immunomodulator but directly inactivates the virus. The VNF agent appears to be one of a newly identified class of nonspecific antiviral agents produced in vivo in chickens in response to a viral infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Induction of milk IgA antibodies by porcine respiratory coronavirus infection.

An ELISA was developed to examine the prevalence of TGEV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the milk of sows, infected in the field with PRCV or with TGEV. It was shown that previous PRCV-infections can induce the secretion of IgA antibodies in the milk. However, only 9 out of 28 PRCV-infected sows had IgA in their milk whereas 11 TGEV-infected sows all secreted IgA. On farms where a reinfection with PRCV occurred, the number of IgA-secreting sows increased from 2 to 11 on a total of 13 sows. This showed that the presence of IgA antibodies in the milk may depend upon the occurrence of reinfection with PRCV. As demonstrated by density gradient analysis, the milk IgA induced by PRCV was 11S secretory IgA and had the capacity to neutralize TGEV.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Sites of replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus in 5-week-old pigs with or without maternal antibodies.

On farms, where the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is enzootic, pigs usually become infected between 5 and 10 weeks of age while losing their maternal antibodies. It was examined whether PRCV replicates in the small intestine in such pigs. This point is important since intestinal replication with PRCV might induce immunity against TGEV not only by stimulating mucosal intestinal immunity, but also by the induction of a lactogenic IgA response at later age via the gut-mammary link. Five week old pigs with and without maternal antibodies were inoculated by aerosol or directly into the intestinal lumen. In aerosol inoculated pigs, virus replication was observed to high titres in the respiratory tract. Replication occurred in epithelial cells of nasal mucosa, trachea, bronchi bronchioli and alveoli and in alveolar macrophages. Small amounts of virus produced in the respiratory tract were ingested, but no intestinal replication of PRCV was demonstrated. Differences were not observed in virus titre and sites of replication in seronegative pigs compared to those in pigs with maternal antibodies. Upon inoculation of 10(5) or 10(7) TCID50 directly into the lumen of the cranial jejunum, no intestinal replication could be demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Intestinal replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus closely related antigenically to the enteric transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

One-week-old piglets were inoculated with the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) either intravenously or directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Both inoculation routes resulted in the isolation of virus from the caudal small intestine. Viral replication, however, was only observed upon inoculation into the digestive tract in quantities of greater than or equal to 10(3) TCID50. Replication remained limited to a few unidentified cells located in or underneath the epithelial layer at villus- or crypt-sites. Virus was excreted in the faeces for several days but infection of the respiratory tract occurred rarely in the same pigs. The results of this study indicate that small changes in molecular structure between PRCV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus have resulted in important changes in host cell tropism.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Sites of replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

A porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was inoculated by aerosol into nine hysterectomy-derived and colostrum-deprived pigs at the age of one week. They were killed at different times after inoculation and tissues were sampled for virus isolation and immunofluorescence. Results indicate that virus replicated to high titres in the respiratory tract. Replication mainly occurred in alveolar cells but also in epithelial cells of nasal mucosa, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli, in alveolar macrophages and in tonsils. After primary replication in the respiratory tract, viraemia occurred. Virus also reached the gastrointestinal tract after swallowing. Subsequently, PRCV was observed to replicate in the ileum. The infection spread within a few days from the ileum to the duodenum. Replication in the small intestine remained limited to a few cells located in or underneath the epithelial layer of villi and, or, crypts. The cell type could not be identified. Virus was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes in all pigs, but immunofluorescence was not observed. Results show that small changes in molecular structure between transmissible gastroenteritis virus and PRCV resulted in important changes in host cell tropism.

Animals↗