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Biomedical subjects

E Carr

Publications and source records attributed to E Carr.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effects of frequency of photic stimulation upon autistic and retarded children.

The present study was designed to determine if frequency of repetitive photic stimulation could affect the response rate of an operant upon which such stimulation was made contingent. To test this hypothesis, we trained retarded and autistic children, equated for mental age, to pull a lever to obtain photic stimulation of different frequencies. It was found that (a) response rates of autistic children were related to the frequency of stimulation, while retarded children showed no such consistency. (b) The two groups did not differ in the average duration of time they engaged in stereotypies. (c) During a subsequent extinction session, two autistic children ceased responding, but one of two retarded children did not. (d) Noncontingent photic stimulation suppressed a food-motivated operant in one autistic child. These results were interpreted as evidence for frequency-dependent properties of repetitive visual feedback in autistic children. In addition, support was given to the position that performance deficits in autistic children correlating with the occurrence of stereotypies result from competition of different sources of reinforcement.

Age Factors↗
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Pain-free states.

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Acute Disease↗
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A no-touch technique.

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Biofeedback, Psychology↗
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How to achieve effective pain management.

Pain is a common problem in a wide range of conditions encountered by nurses in every setting. Despite the availability of knowledge about effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, patients still experience uncontrolled pain. This article, the first of six examining how pain control can be made more effective, explores how a basic misunderstanding of approaches to pain relief can lead to ineffective care. The author suggests that improved education and cooperation among professionals can lead to improved pain management.

Analgesics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing the experience of pain.

The experience of pain is influenced by a range of complex factors, all of which need to be taken into account if appropriate and effective care is to be provided. In this article, the third in a series of six, a range of factors that need to be considered in assessing a person's pain is discussed. These include the effect of age, previous experience of pain, gender and culture. The fourth article in the series will be published in next week's Nursing Times.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing pain: a vital part of nursing care.

Adequate pain relief cannot be achieved without professionals understanding how the pain affects the individuals concerned. This second of six weekly articles looks at how to deal effectively with pain. It considers issues of assessment and proposes a three-part model: always believe the patient, assess pain accurately using a reliable tool, and ask patients how they understand their pain. Next week's article will examine how patients' characteristics influence pain assessment.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structural barriers to pain control.

This fifth article in our series of six articles on the barriers to effective pain management considers how organisational influences can have an impact on the effectiveness of care. Routine, procedure and a lack of flexibility can all inhibit the effectiveness of pain control. This article examines the ways in which nurses can influence practice to make it more responsive to patients' needs.

Health Policy↗
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How to improve pain management practices.

This is the final article in a six-part series that has highlighted how a range of factors can affect patients' experience of pain. The series closes with a consideration of how evaluation of pain management can help, raise awareness of such issues and lead to improvement in the quality of care.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myths and fears about pain-relieving drugs.

Managing pain involves far more than providing analgesia. Many factors influence whether or not patients will find the treatment they are receiving acceptable. This fourth of six articles examining barriers to pain management discusses the ways in which the properties of common analgesic agents can discourage patients from asking for them.

Analgesics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Providing family care in hospital.

Using the delphi technique, this study aimed to identify supportive nursing behaviours and some factors that inhibit the effective provision of family-centred palliative care in a hospital. Supportive nursing behaviours were identified and priority was given to the issues of symptom control, privacy, time and communication. Factors that hinder effective provision of family care focused mainly on the problems involved in balancing priorities, issues of disclosure and managing family conflict. The findings identified key areas of family-centred palliative care that warrant further investigation.

Delphi Technique↗