Systemic lupus erythematosus: renal involvement and prognosis.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to E Campbell.
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Literature databases were scanned to locate articles pertaining to food handler education and restaurant inspection. Papers which met pre-established criteria, as described in the generic protocol produced by the Community Health Practice Guidelines Project (CHPG), were evaluated by standardized consideration of criteria. Studies were rated on a scale of one to three. There were eight papers related to the intervention of education, four papers dealing with the intervention of restaurant inspection, and one pertaining to both. the evidence presented in the papers regarding the effectiveness of food handler training in improving food establishment sanitation was weak, but it appeared that some training resulted in improved inspection scores. It appeared that inspections were beneficial, although it was not clear whether three or more inspections were better than two. No inspections appeared to result in worse inspection scores.
To determine restaurant inspection and food handler education practices in Canada, a survey of 141 jurisdictions was conducted. The response rate was 100%. All jurisdictions inspected restaurants, but the frequency of routine inspection varied from none to six or more times per year. The frequency of violations found on routine inspection was associated with foodborne illness. However, the frequency of inspection was not correlated with disease or with violations. Food handler education courses were mandatory in 32% of jurisdictions. Most courses were one to two days. No correlation was found between the numbers of individuals trained in the past year and violations or reported foodborne disease. This lack of reduction in reported foodborne illness may be due to the ecological nature of the survey or to the lack of effectiveness of food handler education or of routine restaurant inspections in reducing violations.
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