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Biomedical subjects

E Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to E Campbell.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Issues in implementing clinical research in nursing home settings.

Researchers at four nursing home sites experienced similar problems in the informed consent process when they attempted to access a frail, cognitively impaired population to conduct a collaborative, quasi-experimental two year clinical trials study on urinary incontinence. In addition, similar institutional barriers were experienced in these geographically distant and dissimilar nursing homes. The study involved working closely with indigenous licensed nursing and nurse aide staff to implement the independent variable, an individualized toileting prescription. Successful strategies used to overcome barriers in conducting the research will be described.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Does infant feeding method influence maternal postpartum weight loss?

We conducted a retrospective study of 411 women to determine whether a significant relationship existed between method of infant feeding (breast vs bottle) and postpartum weight loss at 6 weeks and 12 months. In addition to method of infant feeding, the variables parity, gravidity, mode of delivery, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy weight, infant sex, and payment status (whether receiving assistance from the Aid to Dependent Children [ADC] program) were studied in terms of their association with weight loss. In general, no consistent relationship was found between method of infant feeding and postpartum weight loss. However, in the ADC group at 6 weeks and in the non-ADC group at 12 months, nonlactating women had lost more weight than had their lactating counterparts, in spite of the theoretical energy deficiency of breast-feeding women. Women who gained more weight during pregnancy consistently lost more weight following delivery, regardless of their prepregnancy weight. These results indicate that infant feeding method was not related to differences in postpartum weight loss between lactating and nonlactating counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Breast self-examination and breast examination by a health care provider: prevalence and predictors of screening in a randomly selected sample of Australian women.

Professional organizations recommend the practice of monthly breast self-examination (BSE), and examination of the breasts by a health care provider every three years for women up to the age of 40 and annually thereafter. These practices were examined in a randomly selected sample of 1454 women. Only 39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36%-42%) of the sample reported monthly BSE. Women were more likely to examine their breasts each month if they had found a breast lump, believed they were likely to get breast cancer, were not single, or were frequent users of general practitioners. Only 51% (95% CI, 45%-53%) of women under the age of 40 reported receiving three-yearly breast examinations; of those women aged 40 or more, 31% (CI, 27%-35%) of those with no additional risk factors and 35% (95% CI, 27%-42%) of those with at least one additional risk factor reported annual examinations. Women were more likely to have received a breast examination in the past three years if they had previously had a breast lump, were not single, had reached a higher educational level, were more frequent users of general practitioners, had private health insurance, or were described as other than ill or retired. There was a substantial association between BSE and breast examination by a health care provider with 25% (95% CI, 23%-27%) practising BSE and being screened by a health care provider. Thirty-five per cent (95% CI, 32%-38%) of women were not being screened by either method. The implications of the results for health education campaigns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A distinct human testis and brain mu-class glutathione S-transferase. Molecular cloning and characterization of a form present even in individuals lacking hepatic type mu isoenzymes.

mu-Class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were identified in all 13 human testes and 28 brains examined; even subjects whose livers were devoid of mu-GSTs expressed extrahepatic GSTs of this class. Testes and brains from individuals with mu-class GSTs in their livers had additional forms that also reflected the liver phenotypes. An isoenzyme with an isoelectric point of 5.2, which was a major GST in testis and present as well in cerebral cortex but not detected in any livers, was identified and purified. Sequence analysis of peptides derived by cleavage of the testicular mu-class GST by Achromobacter protease I revealed distinct aspects of primary structure not found previously in any mammalian mu-class GSTs. These unique features included a blocked and extended amino terminus and 3 additional residues (Pro-Val-Cys) at the carboxyl terminus. This structure was confirmed by molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs derived from human testis and brain libraries. In the coding region the mRNA of the brain-testis mu-class GST was 75% homologous with that of the liver form, and its 3'-untranslated sequence was mostly divergent, indicating that it is the product of a separate gene. Distinct catalytic and structural properties of the testis-brain mu-class GSTs suggest that these GSTs may be uniquely involved in blood-barrier functions common to both organs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Clinical and histopathologic findings in adults with the nephrotic syndrome.

The clinical and histopathologic findings in 225 Irish adults with nephrotic syndrome were reviewed. Membranous nephropathy was the most common lesion found (28%), followed by proliferative glomerulonephritis (17%), and focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (16%). Minimal change disease was the least frequent cause for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (12%). The major secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome was amyloidosis (13%). The patients were analysed for the predictive value of the level of renal function, presence or absence of hypertension, and the degree of proteinuria. It was not possible to determine the nature of the underlying lesion giving rise to the nephrotic syndrome using any of these variables. There was also no significant difference between primary and secondary glomerular disease with regard to these factors. It is concluded that renal biopsy remains the only definitive method of establishing the underlying lesion causing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The rate of rise of corticotrophin releasing factor and endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactivity in normal and abnormal pregnancy.

Maternal plasma concentrations of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactivity (EDLI) were estimated in 80 normal and 88 abnormal pregnancies which were sampled sequentially from 24 weeks gestation to delivery. A slope was fitted for each woman's antenatal EDLI and CRF values, both of which rose significantly during gestation, and the mean of the slopes for the normal and abnormal groups for each value compared. There was no evidence of significant mean differences between groups for EDLI but there was evidence of a significant mean difference for CRF (P less than 0.05). After adjustment for other variables which may affect pregnancy outcome, the slopes for CRF were found not to be significantly related to outcome.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone↗
PubMed1989

Long-term survival analysis of the posterior cruciate condylar total knee arthroplasty. A 10-year evaluation.

Long-term survivorship analysis was applied to 394 cruciate condylar type total knee arthroplasties. Clinical and radiographic parameters were evaluated. Failure was defined in three separate survival curves as revision, radiographic loosening, and a pain rating of 20 or less on the HSS knee score scale. Survival at 10 years, using only revision or recommended revision as the criterion for failure, was 94.7%. With the addition of the other two criteria, survival fell to 81% at 10 years. The posterior cruciate condylar knee survival is comparable to that of the total condylar knee when using comparable definitions of failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Recurrent glomerulonephritis in renal transplants: fourteen years' experience.

A retrospective study of the clinical records and biopsy specimens of all transplants performed between 1974 and 1987 was carried out. Recurrent glomerulonephritis was diagnosed only in those patients who had precise histological classification of their original disease. Of a total of 737 transplants performed in 633 recipients. 603 were from cadaveric and 134 from living related donors. Of 295 patients who were clinically classed as having chronic glomerulonephritis, histological confirmation was available in 156 (54%) as follows: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 34%, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis 27%, crescentic glomerulonephritis 13% IgA neuropathy 10%, focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis 10%, and membranous nephropathy 7%. There were 24 cases of recurrence in 23 recipients. Of these, 16 occurred in living-related and 8 in cadaveric grafts. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis recurred in 14 (8 type I and 6 type II), focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis in 5, IgA neuropathy in 3, crescentic glomerulonephritis in 1 and membranous nephropathy in 1. Graft failure occurred in 13 patients (54%) and was directly attributable to recurrent disease in 12. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis caused 8 graft losses, focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis 2, IgA 1 and crescentic glomerulonephritis 1. Recurrence caused graft loss in 50% of cases in which it occurred. The overall incidence of recurrence was 18%. In contrast to other series, a significantly higher incidence of recurrence was seen in our living-related group.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of intraoperative versus 24 hour antibiotic prophylaxis in total joint replacement. A controlled prospective study.

One hundred and ninety-six consecutive total joint recipients, including unilateral and bilateral procedures, were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of two prophylactic protocols. Group A (98 patients) received two intraoperative doses of cefuroxime (1500 mg and 750 mg) intravenously and continued cefuroxime for 24 hours postoperatively (750 mg every eight hours intravenous piggy back). Group B (98 patients) received two intraoperative intravenous doses of cefuroxime (1500 mg and 750 mg) and no postoperative doses. The opening or closing surgical culture was positive for five patients in Group A and 10 patients in Group B. None of these patients had a postoperative infection. Patients were followed for a minimum of one year after surgery. No deep wound infection was reported for either group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Response bias in a study of general practice.

Response bias in quality of care research is an important, but largely neglected concern. Differences between health care professionals who consent to participate in research and those who do not may distort the conclusions and prevent the results being generalizable. This is particularly likely when response rates are low, as they often are in studies evaluating primary health care. The present study outlines a method for examining this important area. Fifty-six general practitioners who consented to participate in an observational study of general practice were compared with 52 doctors who declined to participate in the research. Comparisons were made of general characteristics including age, sex, practice size and postgraduate qualifications, as well as attitudes toward their role. This last analysis was deemed particularly important, as the attitudes expressed may have affected the behaviour of the doctor in the consultation, and therefore outcomes such as accurate diagnosis, compliance and satisfaction. Such outcomes are often the object of study in quality of care research. The only significant difference to emerge in the present study was that non-consenters were more strongly in favour of a medical system based on free enterprise and fee for service (t83 = 2.3P less than 0.05). No systematic differences were found on other general characteristics or attitudes relating to patient care. Response bias using the stated variables was therefore considered to be minimal. The results are discussed in terms of strategies aimed at increasing response rates in quality of care research.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Role-playing].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1987

Isolation of a human liver ligandin cDNA clone and demonstration of sequence homology at ligandin loci in rats and humans.

Using a monospecific antibody to the major cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase of human liver, we have isolated a cDNA clone from a human liver cDNA expression vector library in lambda gt11. The clone cross-hybridizes with a rat liver ligandin (glutathione-S-transferase 1-2) cDNA probe. The clone has an insert of 1.25 kb, a size sufficient to code for the 23 kilodalton subunit of human GST. Digestion of the insert with Hinf I produced three fragments (0.8 kb, 0.4 kb and 0.1 kb). A similar pattern of multiple bands was observed when rat liver GST1-2 cDNA probe was used for Southern blot analysis of Pst digests of rat and human genomic DNAs. These data suggest that these two functionally similar proteins exhibit sequence homology between their respective cDNAs and at ligandin loci, in spite of the lack of immuno-crossreactivity between them.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Measuring general practitioners' attitudes towards medical care.

The construction and development of a questionnaire which measures the attitudes of general practitioners towards their role in the medical care system is described. Factor analytic procedures identified seven reliable factor-based subscales. The subscales measured attitudes towards: a psychological orientation to patient care, government involvement in the health care system, preventive medicine, patient participation in the consultation, communication with patients, responsibility for decision making and the appropriateness of consultations. The responses of 387 randomly selected Australian general practitioners to this measure are described. Overall, there was strong support for the importance of fostering patient participation, facilitating open communication and understanding, having a psychological orientation, and implementing preventive activities in general practice. However, the sample was strongly opposed to a government regulated health care system. Age and sex of the general practitioner were shown to influence orientations on some dimensions.

Attitude to Health↗