Biomedical subjects
E Bates
Publications and source records attributed to E Bates.
Opinion leaders in a psychiatric hospital community.
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Study of blood group factors in longevity.
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Therapeutic communities and admission centres: what of the future?
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Language and the infant brain.
Three logically and empirically independent issues are often conflated in theory and research on brain and language: localization, innateness, and domain specificity. Research on adults and infants with focal brain injury support the following conclusions: (a) linguistic knowledge is not innate, and it is not localized in a clear and compact from in either the infant or adult brain; (b) the infant brain is not, however, a tabala rasa-it is already highly differentiated at birth, and certain regions are biased from the beginning toward modes of information processing that are particularly useful for language, leading (in the absence of local injury) to the standard form of brain organization for language; (c) the processing biases that lead to the "standard brain plan" are innate and localized, in both infants and adults, but they are not specific to language; and (d) the infant brain is highly plastic, permitting alternative "brain plans" for language to emerge if the standard situation does not hold.
Measuring variability in early child language: don't shoot the messenger.
Feldman et al. criticize the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) as having too much variability, too little stability, and insufficient ability to predict early language delay. We present data showing that these characteristics of the CDI are authentic reflections of individual differences in early language development rather than measurement deficiencies. We also respond to their critical assertions concerning sociodemographic influences on the CDI scores.
Pragmatics in aphasia: crosslinguistic evidence.
Previous research suggests that English Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics retain sensitivity to pragmatic factors governing forms of reference, in particular the ability to choose lexical expressions that convey givenness and newness of information. The present study investigates the generality of this phenomenon across patients and language types. Normal and aphasic speakers of English, German, and Italian described nine picture triplets in which one element varied while the others remained constant. Dependent variables included lexicalization versus ellipsis, pronominalization, and definite and indefinite article use. For a subset of German and Italian patients, data were compared to performance in a biographical interview. Results indicate that (a) the pragmatics of reference are preserved in both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics, despite syndrome-specific problems in retrieving content words and/or closed-class grammatical elements, and (b) certain language-specific patterns of reference are also preserved, including crosslinguistic differences in subject omission. Differences between picture description and the biographical interview reinforce this conclusion. Evidence for the preservation of pragmatics in aphasis is not surprising in its own right, but evidence for the sparing of language-specific relations among pragmatic, lexical, and morphosyntactic patterns can be used to argue against any strong view of grammatical impairment as a disconnection syndrome and/or a loss of grammatical competence. Instead, these data support theories in which grammatical impairment is viewed as a performance deficit.
A continuing education program to retrain registered nurses for careers in client-focused community healthcare.
The purpose of the grant-funded program was to address educational needs arising from the changing role of registered nurses in the delivery of healthcare because of shifts occurring from acute hospital-based care to primary care community-based services. The grant contributed the financial resources necessary to provide administrative support, develop the curriculum and teach the content. Taught jointly by nurse educators and community-based practitioners, the program provided 99 hours of classroom/college laboratory instruction and 96 hours of community-based clinical experiences flexibly structured to meet the needs of working nurses. It provided training at two educational sites for over 40 registered nurses who were unemployed, working in acute care and looking to cross over to community-based settings, or already in a community setting yet interested in sharpening their skills. Nurses were able to earn college credit or continuing education units (CEUs) for successful completion of the program.
Part-time working. Defective agency.
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The hamstring index.
The purpose of this study was to assess the limits of hamstring tightness in 369 children by using three common tests. The straight leg-raise test averaged 100 degrees at birth, increasing to 110 degrees at age 1 year, before decreasing to 80 degrees by age 5-6 years. It then remained constant to skeletal maturity. Hamstring tightness is present if this angle is < 80 degrees in children younger than 2 years. After this age, the limit decreased steadily to plateau at 60 degrees by the age of 6 years. The popliteal angle measured the maximum 180 degrees from birth to age 2 years. This angle then decreased to average 155 degrees by age 6 years and remained steady. An angle < 125 degrees suggests significant hamstring tightness. The touching-toes test showed minimal variation between age groups averaging, 1 +/- 3 cm. Distances reached < -5 cm in children aged up to 6 years and < -15 cm in those older than 6 indicate excessively tight hamstrings. Little difference was seen between sides, although girls demonstrated less hamstring tightness. All tests showed a positive correlation with the grade of ligamentous laxity, but no association with the child's stage of puberty could be detected.