Drugs for the treatment of parasitic infection.
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Antimony↗
Biomedical subjects
E Barrett-Connor
Publications and source records attributed to E Barrett-Connor.
A community study of calorie and nutrient intake in drinkers and nondrinkers of alcohol.
Nutrient intake and alcohol consumption were studied in a 15% random sample of a predominantly white upper-middle class suburban community in Southern California. Based on 24-h dietary recall, 51% of the 691 men and women aged 30 to 90 yr in the study population had consumed an average of 30 g alcohol during the preceding 24 h. In general, alcohol-derived calories were added to the diet, and did not replace calories derived from other nutrients. Consequently, alcohol consumers had a significantly higher total caloric intake than did nondrinkers. Dietary differences were greatest in moderate drinkers, who tended to consume fewer nonalcohol-derived calories, and less of most specific nutrients. Although dietary differences in moderate drinkers were similar in men and women, statistically significant differences in women were limited to carbohydrate consumption. Moderate drinking men consumed significantly less protein, fat, carbohydrate, and cholesterol. These dietary differences suggest one mechanism whereby moderate alcohol consumption might reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Although alcohol intake resulted in an increase in total calories consumed, alcohol drinkers were not more obese than nondrinkers. Since similar proportions of drinkers and nondrinkers exercised regularly, these data may suggest that alcohol calories are not fully utilized.
Adult↗
Plasma lipids and diabetes mellitus in an adult community.
Most previous studies of hyperlipidemia in diabetics are based on patients in specialty clinics or reflect an era when diabetics consumed a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. In this paper, data from a defined adult population aged 20-79 years in an upper middle class community in Southern California, 1972-1974, were used to ascertain the relationship of hyperlipidemia to diabetes in a current community-based population. All (n = 358) diabetics as defined by history and/or fasting hyperglycemia (fasting plasma glucose, greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl) were compared with all (n = 4387) nondiabetics defined as euglycemic (fasting plasma glucose, less than 110 mg/dl) with no personal or family history of diabetes. In both men and women 50 years of age and older, the mean cholesterol level and the prevelance of categorical hypercholesterolemia were not significantly different in diabetics vs. nondiabetics, whereas the mean triglyceride level and the prevalence of categorical hypertriglyceridemia were significantly higher in diabetics vs. nondiabetics. Case-control comparisons of 356 diabetics matched for age and obesity with 356 nondiabetics confirmed the significantly higher triglyceride levels in diabetes. Conversely, hypertriglyceridemia was associated with diabetes in 29 per cent of nonobese men and 25 per cent of obese men, and in 10 per cent of non-obese women and 21 per cent of obese women. The biologic mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in diabetics is discussed.
Adult↗
A community study of alcohol and other factors associated with the distribution of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in older vs. younger men.
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is independently and inversely correlated with the risk of coronary artery disease. In order to determine whether factors that correlated with HDL-C are similar in younger and older men, 311 men from a community sample were dichotomized into younger (30-59) and older (60-89) age groups. Older men had significantly higher HDL-C levels and were leaner and less likely to smoke cigarettes, but did not differ significantly from younger men with regard to exercise or reported alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, in univariate and multivariate analysis, alcohol was the strongest behavioral correlate of HDL-C in both younger and older men. In both younger and older men aspartate aminotransferase levels within the normal range were strongly associated with HDL-C and with alcohol intake, suggesting that the higher HDL-C levels reported in social drinkers reflect an alcohol-induced liver aberration in lipoprotein metabolism.
Adult↗
Spouse concordance for fasting plasma glucose in non-diabetics.
Spouse concordance for fasting plasma glucose was determined in 1710 currently married spouse pairs from a retired community in Southern California who had married durations of from 1 year to more than 40 years. A highly significant concordance was found in marriages of all durations, with the highest concordance in marriages of short duration. Concordance for fasting plasma glucose was not explained by concordance for education, obesity, cigarette smoking, ingestion of whole milk or eggs, the use of antihypertensive medications or a family history of heart disease. Nor was the observed spouse concordance due to selective mortality of discordant spouse pairs. Although there was significant seasonal variation in fasting plasma glucose levels, spouse concordance was not entirely a function of seasonality of sampling. The data suggest that concordance for other environmental attributes--possibly specific nutrients--is responsible for fasting plasma glucose concordance.
Adult↗
Adjustment for obesity in studies of cardiovascular disease.
To evaluate the validity and implications of using various obesity indices in adjusting or controlling for obesity, correlations were analyzed between six cardiovascular disease risk factors, age, cholesterol, log triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, and weight (W), height (H), and five commonly used obesity indices, W/H, W/H2, 3 square root W/H, -H/3 square root W, and relative weight in a defined population of 4956 men and women. Subjects were residents of Rancho Bernardo, California and were surveyed in 1972-1974. Correlations of weight, height, and the obesity indices were also evaluated with each other. W/H, 3 square root W/H, and -H/3 square root W were highly correlated with weight (correlations = 0.96-0.997), but also correlated with height (correlations = 0.10-0.48). These very high correlations with weight and moderate correlations with height resulted in risk factor correlations with these three indices reflecting weight-risk factor correlations rather than obesity-risk factor correlations. W/H2 and relative weight were not quite so highly correlated with weight (correlations = 0.83-0.89), very highly correlated with each other (correlations = 0.999), and relatively uncorrelated with height (correlations = 0.17-0.01). W/H2 and relative weight risk factor correlations reflected true obesity-risk factor correlations and were significantly greater than risk factor correlations with weight, W/H, 3 square root W/H, and -H/3 square root W. These data strongly support the use of either W/H2 or relative weight for obesity adjustment in cardiovascular disease studies. Use of W/H, 3 square root W/H, or -H/3 square root W may result in underadjustment for obesity.
Adult↗
Association arrays for the study of familial height, weight, lipid, and lipoprotein similarity in three West Coast populations.
A more refined understanding of familial similarity may be achieved through a collection of measures of dependence that is sensitive to a variety of nonlinear trends ans stochastic relationships between trait values. Parent-offspring, spouse, and sibling similarities are examined by association arrays that assess dependence between variables for appropriate classes of functions (e.g., the class of all increasing functions). The methodology is applied to height, weight, lipid, and lipoprotein variables collected in nuclear families at the Seattle, Stanford, and La Jolla Lipid Research Clinics. Among the results obtained using association arrays, there is the suggestion that spouse similarity for standardized weight is strongest for functions emphasizing the higher values of the wives' weight independent of the husbands' weight, and that sibling similarity for high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations appears strongest for functions emphasizing the higher values of the siblings. The results deduced from the method of association arrays are compared and contrasted with those obtained from standard correlations.
Adolescent↗
Retest reliability of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study.
Retest reliability for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride is important diagnostically and in the planning of studies. Coefficients of variation of about 8% for cholesterol and 25% for triglyceride are reported here during Visits 1 and 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study in 1972-1975. Retest reliability showed little or no dependence on other factors studied. It would not be unusual to observe apparent cholesterol changes of 50 mg/dl and occasionally 100 mg/dl with no obvious explanation. Apparent random triglyceride changes may be as high as several hundred mg/dl. It is of clinical importance that two thirds of persons in the upper quintile of cholesterol and/or triglyceride at first measurement remain in this rank and one third rank lower on retest. Multiple observations of these lipid values are recommended both for clinical use and for establishment of study baselines.
Adult↗
Parasitic pulmonary disease.
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Amebiasis↗
Direct dollar costs and savings of screening stool examinations for eggs and parasites in adult Southeast Asian refugees.
Routine stool examinations for eggs and parasites have been recommended for Southeast Asian refugees seeking medical care for any reason. Calculations show that the direct dollar cost of diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic intestinal parasites in asymptomatic adults exceeds the direct dollar cost of disease prevented. However, it is also recognized that a more definitive analysis would require presently unavailable data on morbidity and transmission rates in untreated parasitized adults. Final decisions on screening benefits should consider, but not be limited to, direct dollar cost considerations.
Asia, Southeastern↗
Intestinal parasites in asymptomatic adult Southeast Asian immigrants.
All previous studies of intestinal parasites in Southeast Asian refugees have included immigrants with and without symptoms. In order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in asymptomatic Southeast Asians, 226 adult refugees were studied who had no symptoms or signs suggestive of intestinal parasitism and who submitted one to three stools for examination. Fifty-four percent of these asymptomatic adults were infected with one or more potential pathogens, 22 percent with Ascaris, 20 percent with hookworm, 11 percent with Opisthorchis sp, 7 percent with Trichuris, 5 percent with Strongyloides, 5 percent with Giardia, and 2 percent with Entamoeba histolytica. Laotians and Cambodians, persons who stayed in Thai refugees camps, and patients with anemia or eosinophilia were more likely than other refugees to harbor pathogenic parasites. Nonetheless, refugees without these characteristics were often infected, and no single characteristic excluded any refugee from a high probability of being parasitized. There is a high prevalence of potentially pathogenic parasites in asymptomatic adult Southeast Asians, similar to that reported in refugees unselected for the presence or absence of symptoms.
Adult↗
Alterations in clinical chemistry measures associated with oral contraceptive and estrogen use: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.
The associations of current oral contraceptive (OC) or estrogen use and mean levels of a variety of clinical chemistry measurements have not been previously described in large, free-living populations. We compared mean fasting measurements of eight clinical chemistry tests (alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], total bilirubin, globulin, thyroxine, creatinine, uric acid and plasma glucose) adjusted for age, body mass, education, alcohol use, smoking and study population variation in approximately 1,500 white women from nine North American Lipid Research Clinic populations. Compared to hormone nonusers of the same age, OC users aged 20 to 39 years had significantly lower mean values of serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, total bilirubin and plasma glucose, while serum globulin, thyroxine and creatinine levels were significantly higher. Mean uric acid values were not significantly different. Estrogen users aged 50 to 69 years had significantly lower mean values of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin and significantly higher thyroxine and uric acid levels as compared to hormone nonusers aged 50 to 69 years.
Adult↗
Alterations of plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with benzodiazepine use--the LRC Program Prevalence Study.
In a study of white adults from 10 North American Lipid Research Clinics populations, plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in benzodiazepine (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam) users were compared to both the entire population of non-users and matched control non-users. Significantly higher plasma triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and by one method of analysis, lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were noted in male benzodiazepine users. No significant differences were noted in total plasma cholesterol or low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Adult↗
Increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol in obstructive pulmonary disease (predominant emphysematous type).
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Aged↗
Nosocomial tuberculosis in physicians: an analysis of direct costs of prevention and disease.
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Adult↗
The epidemiology of head injury: a prospective study of an entire community-San Diego County, California, 1978.
In 1978, a prospective study of all deaths from head injury and of all patients admitted to hospitals with a diagnosis of head injury was conducted in San Diego County, California. The overall incidence of head injury was nearly 0.3%; the highest rate was seen at ages 10-29 years. At all ages, head injury rates were higher in males than in females, and the death rate in males was 2.6 times that in females. The overall case fatality ratio was 7.5%, and 65% of all deaths occurred prior to hospitalization. Among those who survived to hospitalization, the case fatality ratio was less than 3%. Motor vehicle accidents caused 53% of all head injuries and 73% of all deaths. Although other causes of head injury showed seasonal variation, the frequency of motor vehicle head injuries did not vary by month.
Accidents, Traffic↗
The effect of response bias on the odds ratio.
The effect of response bias on odds ratio results was determined based on data from a population-based cardiovascular disease survey. The study subjects consisted of 5000 adult residents of a predominantly white, upper-middle class community. Information from 60% of the 1100 non-respondents was obtained by telephone. Consistent patterns of participation associated with risk factors and diseases under study were found. A simple error term was developed to convert the odds ratio for respondents to the odds ratio for the target population using individual cell response rates. This error term demonstrates that the response patterns found tended to minimize the error in odds ratio calculations for respondents. Only by obtaining relevant information on non-respondents can investigators accurately estimate response bias and its effects on the odds ratio.
Adult↗
Intestinal parasites in Indochinese immigrants.
Fifty-two percent of 419 recent Indochinese refugees, most of whom were studied because they had symptoms, signs, or hematologic findings suggestive of parasitism, had intestinal parasites. The frequency of parasitism was comparable in Vietnamese vs. other Indochinese (Cambodians and Laotians), but other Indochinese were more often found to have multiple parasites. The most common parasite in Vietnamese was Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm was the most common parasite in Cambodians and Laotians, and opisthorchid flukes were only found in Laotians. Age and sex were not related to infection except for Giardia, which has more prevalent in children. Based on public or personal health hazards and treatability, 33% of patients had parasites judged to warrant therapy, even in a clinically normal host.
Ambulatory Care Facilities↗