Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to E Anderson.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Evidence of reciprocity of bcl-2 and p53 expression in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas.

Evidence of accumulating for the failure of apoptosis as an important factor in the evolution of colorectal cancer and its poor response to adjuvant therapy. The proto-oncogene bcl-2 suppresses apoptosis. Its expression could provide an important survival advantage permitting the development of colorectal cancer. The expression of bcl-2 and p53 was determined by immunohistochemistry in 47 samples of histologically normal colonic mucosa, 19 adenomas and 53 adenocarcinomas. Expression of bcl-2 in colonic crypts > 5 cm from the tumours was confined to crypt bases but was more extensive and intense in normal crypts < 5 mm from cancers. A higher proportion of adenomas (63.2%) than carcinomas (36.5%) expressed bcl-2 (P < 0.05). A lower proportion of adenomas (31.6%) than carcinomas (62.3%) expressed p53 (P < 0.02). A total of 26.3% of adenomas and 22% of carcinomas expressed both bcl-2 and p53. To determine whether these samples contained cells which expressed both proteins, a dual staining technique for bcl-2 and p53 was used. Only 1/19 adenomas and 2/53 carcinomas contained cells immunopositive for both bcl-2 and p53. Moreover there was evidence of reciprocity of expression of bcl-2 and p53 in these three double staining neoplasms. We suggest that bcl-2 provides a survival advantage in the proliferative compartment of normal crypts and colorectal neoplasms. However, its expression is lost during the evolution from adenoma to carcinoma, whereas p53 expression is increased, an event generally coincident with the expression of stabilised p53, which we presume to represent the mutant form.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and anti-tumour effects of the specific anti-oestrogen ICI 182780 in women with advanced breast cancer.

We have assessed the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and anti-tumour effects of the specific steroidal anti-oestrogen ICI 182780 in 19 patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to tamoxifen. The agent was administered as a monthly depot intramuscular injection. Peak levels of ICI 182780 occurred a median of 8-9 days after dosing and then declined but were above the projected therapeutic threshold at day 28. Cmax during the first month was 10.5 ng/ml-1 and during the sixth month was 12.6 ng ml-1. The AUCs were 140.5 and 206.8 ng day ml-1 on the first and sixth month of dosing respectively, suggesting some drug accumulation. Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rose after withdrawal of tamoxifen and then plateaued, suggesting no effect of ICI 182780 on the pituitary-hypothalamic axis. There were no significant changes in serum levels of prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or lipids. Side-effects were infrequent. Hot-flushes and sweats were not induced and there was no apparent effect of treatment upon the endometrium or vagina. Thirteen (69%) patients responded (seven had partial responses and six showed "no change' responses) to ICI 182780, after progression on tamoxifen, for a median duration of 25 months. Thus ICI 182780, given by monthly depot injection, and at the drug levels described, is an active second-line anti-oestrogen without apparent negative effects on the liver, brain or genital tract and warrants further evaluation in patients with advanced breast cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Transforming growth factor beta 1 expression in human colorectal tumours: an independent prognostic marker in a subgroup of poor prognosis patients.

Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta family, in particular TGF-beta 1, are some of the most potent inhibitory growth factors in a variety of cell types. Resistance to TGF-beta 1-induced growth inhibition is frequently observed in colorectal carcinomas and is associated with tumour progression. Perturbations of TGF-beta 1 expression and function, therefore, may contribute to the loss of some constraints on tumour cell growth. In this study we have examined the expression of TGF-beta 1 and its precursor latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-beta in human colorectal tumours using immunohistochemical techniques. In 86% of the tumours the LAP-TGF-beta complex was present in both the stromal and epithelial cells, whereas the mature TGF-beta 1 peptide was expressed in the glandular epithelium of 58.3% of these tumours. Intense staining for TGF-beta 1 was positively associated with advanced Dukes' stage. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the presence of TGF-beta 1 in the tumours and a shorter post-operative survival. This was most significant in a subgroup of patients who had received only a palliative operation. These results suggest that TGF-beta 1 expression may be useful as an independent prognostic indicator for a subgroup of patients who have a particularly poor prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

High-dose chemotherapy supported by peripheral blood progenitor cells in poor prognosis metastatic breast cancer--phase I/II study. Edinburgh Breast Group.

Current treatments for metastatic breast cancer are not associated with significant survival benefits despite response rates of over 50%. High-dose therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) has been investigated, particularly in North America, and prolonged survival in up to 25% of women has been reported, but with a significant treatment-related mortality. However, in patients with haematological malignancies undergoing autologous transplantation, haematopoietic reconstruction is significantly quicker and mortality lower than with ABMT, when peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) are used. In 32 women with metastatic breast cancer, we investigated the feasibility of PBPC mobilisation with high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after 12 weeks' infusional induction chemotherapy and the subsequent efficacy of the haematopoietic reconstitution after conditioning with melphalan and either etoposide or thiotepa. PBPC mobilisation was successful in 28/32 (88%) patients, and there was a rapid post-transplantation haematopoietic recovery: median time to neutrophils > 0.5 x 10(9) l-1 was 14 days and to platelets > 20 x 10(9) l-1 was 10 days. There was no procedure-related mortality, and the major morbidity was mucositis (WHO grade 3-4) in 18/32 patients (56%). In a patient group of which the majority had very poor prognostic features, the median survival from start of induction chemotherapy was 15 months. Thus, PBPC mobilisation and support of high-dose chemotherapy is feasible after infusional induction chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer, although the optimum drug combination has not yet been determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children 6-18 months of age: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Program and the Wyeth-Ayerst ca Influenza Vaccine Investigators Group.

Live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) monovalent and bivalent influenza A vaccines were evaluated in seronegative infants (ages 6-18 months) in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess safety and immunogenicity. A total of 182 seronegative subjects received a single intranasal dose (10(6.2) TCID50) of ca A/Kawasaki/9/86 (H1N1) or ca A/Los Angeles/2/87 (H3N2), both as a bivalent vaccine, or placebo. Respiratory and systemic symptoms did not differ between groups after vaccination. Hemagglutination antibody seroconversions (> or = 1:8) to H3N2 exceeded 90%. In contrast, seroconversions to A/Kawasaki/9/86 (H1N1) were significantly less frequent in bivalent ca vaccine recipients (31%) than in monovalent ca H1N1 recipients (83%) (P < .002). During a subsequent H3N2 epidemic, nasal washes were cultured for viruses from any subject with respiratory illness. H3N2 infections documented by virus isolation were reduced by 65% in ca H3N2 recipients compared with placebo or ca HIM recipients (P = .01).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the control of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis.

Two large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with an appropriate study design have been conducted to fully evaluate the efficacy of ondansetron in the control of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis. These studies show that ondansetron and particularly ondansetron plus dexamethasone have moderate efficacy in the control of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis and nausea. The benefit of ondansetron, with or without dexamethasone, may be greatest in patients with incomplete control of acute emesis. The efficacy of ondansetron in this setting compared to its greater efficacy during the acute phase of emesis induced by cisplatin and the more prolonged phases of acute emesis induced by cyclophosphamide and carboplatin indicates that non-5-HT3-mediated emetic mechanisms maybe are relatively more important in the delayed phase of emesis following cisplatin.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa.

Leptin is a protein encoded by the ob gene that is expressed in adipocytes and regulates eating behavior via central neuroendocrine mechanisms. Serum leptin levels have been shown to correlate with weight and percent body fat in normal and obese individuals; however, it is not known whether the regulation of leptin is normal below a critical threshold of body fat in chronic undernutrition. We investigated serum leptin levels in 22 women, aged 23 +/- 4 yr, with anorexia nervosa. Duration of disease, weight, BMI, percent body fat, and serum leptin levels were determined for each patient. Nutritional status was assessed further by caloric intake and measurement of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels. Twenty-three healthy women, aged 23 +/- 4 yr, taking no medications, with normal menstrual function and body mass index (BMI) between 20-26 kg/m2 (mean, 23.7 +/- 1.7 kg/m2), served as a control population for comparison of leptin levels. Subjects with anorexia nervosa were low weight (BMI, 16.3 +/- 1.6 kg/m2; normal, 20-26 kg/m2) and exhibited a striking reduction in percent body fat (7 +/- 2%; normal, 20-30%). The mean serum leptin level was significantly decreased in subjects with anorexia nervosa compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls of normal body weight (5.6 +/- 3.7 vs. 19.1 +/- 8.1 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Serum leptin levels were correlated highly with weight, as expressed either BMI (r = 0.66; P = 0.002) or percent ideal body weight (r = 0.68; P = 0.0005), body fat (r = 0.70; P = 0.0003), and IGF-I (r = 0.64; P = 0.001), but not with caloric intake or serum levels of estradiol or insulin in subjects with anorexia nervosa. The correlation between leptin and body fat was linear, with progressively lower, but detectable, leptin levels measured even in patients with less than 5% body fat, but was not significant when the effects of weight were taken into account. In contrast, the correlation between leptin and IGF-I remained significant when the effects of weight, body fat, and caloric intake were taken into account. In normal controls, leptin correlated with BMI (r = 0.55; P = 0.007) and IGF-I (r = 0.44; P < 0.05), but not with fat mass. These data demonstrate that serum leptin levels are reduced in association with low weight and percent body fat in subjects with anorexia nervosa compared to normal controls. Leptin levels correlate highly with weight, percent body fat, and IGF-I in subjects with anorexia nervosa, suggesting that the physiological regulation of leptin is maintained in relation to nutritional status even at an extreme of low weight and body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Effects of short-term recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I administration on bone turnover in osteopenic women with anorexia nervosa.

Significant osteoporosis affects over half of all women with anorexia nervosa (AN). The mechanisms of bone loss in this condition are not known, and estrogen administration alone has not been shown to prevent bone loss. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a nutritionally dependent bone trophic hormone, is know to stimulate osteoblast function and collagen synthesis in vivo and in vitro. We hypothesized that short term administration of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) would increase bone turnover in young women with AN. We studied 23 women, aged 18-29 yr (mean +/- SD, 23 +/- 4 yr) with AN. Spinal bone density was significantly reduced compared to that in age-matched controls (0.85 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.19 +/- 0.12 g/cm2 by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; P < 0.001) and was below the normal mean in 54% of the women. Patients were randomized to receive rhIGF-I (100 or 30 micrograms/kg) or placebo sc twice a day for 6 days. Bone turnover was assessed at baseline and after 3 and 6 days of treatment using two markers of bone formation [osteocalcin (OC) and type I procollagen carboxyl-terminal propeptide (PICP)] and three specific markers of bone resorption [pyridinoline (PYRX), deoxypyridinoline (DPYRX), and N-telopeptide (NTX)]. Serum OC was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in women with AN compared to normal premenopausal women (5.4 +/- 3.8 vs. 8.6 +/- 4.5 ng/mL) and correlated with percent fat mass (r = 0.60;P < 0.01) and body mass index (r = 0.50;P < 0.05). Markers of bone resorption were elevated significantly compared to normal levels [DPYRX, 18.2 +/- 7.0 vs. 11.4 +/- 5.2 nmol/mmol creatinine, (P < 0.001); NTX, 53.5 +/- 22.5 vs. 36.5 +/- 14.6 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine (P < 0.01)]. IGF-I levels were relatively low at baseline compared to those in age-matched controls (203 +/- 93 vs. 262 +/- 84 ng/mL;P < 0.01) and increased to 673 +/- 268 ng/mL [P < 0.05; 100 micrograms/kg twice daily (BID)] and 545 +/- 255 ng/mL (P < 0.05; 30 micrograms/kg BID). During short term administration of rhIGF-I at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg BID, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in markers of bone formation, as assessed by both PICP (147 +/- 33 to 303 +/- 187 ng/mL) and OC (5.3 +/- 3.8 to 10.9 +/- 7.4 ng/mL). There was also a significant (P < 0.05) increase in markers of bone resorption as assessed by PYRX (51.0 +/- 16.6 to 87.1 +/- 8.2 nmol/mmol creatinine) and DPYRX (17.3 +/- 4.5 to 26.3 +/- 3.7 nmol/mmol creatinine). The group randomized to receive short term administration of rhIGF-I at a dose of 30 micrograms/kg BID demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in PICP (110.9 +/- 47.0 to 134.8 +/- 43.2 ng/mL) and an insignificant increase in OC levels (4.5 +/- 3.2 to 6.8 +/- 5.9 ng/mL). However, markers of bone resorption were unchanged during rhIGF-I administration at this dose. Serum PTH and serum and urinary calcium were unchanged in both treatment groups compared to placebo levels. These data demonstrate that young women with anorexia nervosa have decreased markers of bone formation and increased bone resorption. This is the first demonstration that short term rhIGF-I administration increases markers of bone turnover in severely osteopenic women with AN. The effects of short term rhIGF-I on bone turnover are dose dependent. At a dose of 100 micrograms BID, rhIGF-I administration significantly stimulated both markers of bone formation and bone resorption. At a dose of rhIGF-I of 30 micrograms BID, there was an increase in one marker of bone formation, PICP, without a change in markers of bone resorption. Further studies are required to determine whether chronic administration of rhIGF-I can affect bone mass in young women with profound osteopenia due to anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Plasma cortisol as an indicator of stress due to capture and translocation in wildlife species.

Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 712 individual animals of 18 wildlife species after either physical or chemical restraint, tranquillisation or trauma, in order to define baseline values and to assess the possibility of using cortisol as an indicator of stress. The cortisol levels appeared to rise after capture in all the species examined except the Cape buffalo. On the basis of the plasma cortisol levels, chemical capture was less stressful than physical restraint. Animals which were tranquillised had lower than 'normal' cortisol levels, whereas animals that had suffered trauma or which died after they were captured had higher than normal cortisol levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Buoyant density of Escherichia coli is determined solely by the osmolarity of the culture medium.

In previous studies, we had shown that the buoyant density of Escherichia coli is determined by the osmolarity of the growth medium by varying the osmolarity of the medium with NaCl or sucrose. However, the buoyant density of the cells always exceeded that of the growth medium. Here we determined the effect of medium with a buoyant density greater than the expected buoyant density of cells by adding Nycodenz to Luria broth. Percoll gradients of cells were analyzed by laser light scattering. The buoyant density for 125- and 375-mOsM-grown cells was 0.002 g/ml and 0.003 g/ml more, respectively, for cells grown in the presence of Nycodenz than those grown without Nycodenz, while the buoyant density of 250-mOsM-grown cells was 0.005 g/ml less for cells grown in the presence of Nycodenz than those grown without Nycodenz. Cells grown in 500-mOsM medium with or without Nycodenz had the same buoyant density. The buoyant density of cultures grown in defined medium was the same as those grown in rich medium, with only the medium osmolarity correlating to buoyant density. We conclude from these experiments that neither buoyant density nor chemical make-up of the medium determines the buoyant density of cells grown in that medium. Only the medium osmolarity determines cell buoyant density, suggesting that E. coli has no mechanisms to sense buoyant density.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1995

The role of attention in the programming of saccades.

Accurate saccadic programming in natural visual scenes requires a signal designating which of the many potential targets is to be the goal of the saccade. Is this signal controlled by the allocation of perceptual attention, or do saccades have their own independent selective filter? We found evidence for the involvement of perceptual attention, namely: (1) summoning perceptual attention to a target also facilitated saccades; (2) perceptual identification was better at the saccadic goal than elsewhere; and (3) attempts to dissociate the locus of attention from the saccadic goal were unsuccessful, i.e. it was not possible to prepare to look quickly and accurately at one target while at the same time making highly accurate perceptual judgements about targets elsewhere. We also studied the trade-off between saccadic and perceptual performance by means of a novel application of the "attentional operating characteristic" (AOC) to oculomotor performance. This analysis revealed that some attention could be diverted from the saccadic goal with virtually no cost to either saccadic latency or accuracy, showing that there is a ceiling on the attentional demands of saccades. The links we discovered between saccades and attention can be explained by a model in which perceptual attention determines the endpoint of the saccade, while a separate trigger signal initiates the saccade in response to transient changes in the attentional locus. The model will be discussed in the context of current neurophysiological work on saccadic control.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Growth and buoyant density of Escherichia coli at very low osmolarities.

The growth and buoyant densities of two closely related strains of Escherichia coli in M9-glucose medium that was diluted to produce osmolarities that varied from as low as 5 to 500 mosM were monitored. At 15 mosM, the lowest osmolarity at which buoyant density could be measured reproducibly in Percoll gradients, both ML3 and ML308 had a buoyant density of about 1.079 g/ml. As the osmolarity of the medium was increased, the buoyant density also increased linearly up to about 125 mosM, at which the buoyant density was 1.089 g/ml. From 150 up to 500 mosM, the buoyant density again increased linearly but with a different slope from that seen at the lower osmolarities. The buoyant density at 150 mosM was about 1.091 g/ml, and at 500 mosM it was 1.101 g/ml. Both strains of E. coli could be grown in M9 medium diluted 1:1 with water, with an osmolarity of 120 mosM, but neither strain grew in 1:2-diluted M9 if the cells were pregrown in undiluted M9. (Note: undiluted M9 as prepared here has an osmolarity of about 250 mosM.) However, if the cells were pregrown in 30% M9, about 75 mosM, they would then grow in M9 at 45 mosM and above but not below 40 mosM. To determine which constituent of M9 medium was being diluted to such a low level that it inhibited growth, diluted M9 was prepared with each constituent added back singly. From this study, it was determined that both Ca2+ and Mg2+ could stimulate growth below 40 mosM. With Ca2+ - and Mg2+ -supplemented diluted M9 and cells pregrown in 75 mosM M9, it was possible to grow ML308 in 15 mosM M9. Strain ML3 would only haltingly grow at 15 mosM. Four attempts were made to grow both ML3 and ML308 at 5 mosM. In three of the experiments, ML308 grew, while strain ML3 grew in one experiment. While our experiments were designed to effect variations in medium osmolarity by using NaCl as an osmotic agent, osmolarity and salinity were changed concurrently. Therefore, from this study, we believe that E. coli might be defined as an euryhalinic and/or euryosmotic bacterium because of its ability to grow in a wide range of salinities and osmolarities.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone.

In order to resolve the question of which ovarian steroid stimulates normal human mammary epithelial cell proliferation, we have implanted pieces of normal human breast tissue subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. These mice were then treated with slow-release pellets containing estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P) such that serum levels of E2 and P were increased to those seen in normal women. The proliferative activity of the tissue implants was assessed by uptake of tritiated thymidine and steroid receptor expression was measured immunocytochemically. Insertion of a 2 mg E2 pellet 14 days after tissue implantation increased the thymidine labeling index (TLI) from a median of 0.4% (n = 34) to a median of 2.1% after 7 days (n = 43; P < 0.001 by Mann Whitney U test). In contrast, treatment with a P pellet (4 mg) had no effect upon the TLI whereas P (4 mg) in combination with E2 (2 mg) had no effect over and above that of E2 alone. There was a significant correlation between the increase in TLI and either the E2 content of the pellets (P < 0.001 by linear regression) or the serum E2 levels achieved (P < 0.001). Expression of the P receptor was increased 15- to 20-fold by E2 treatment. We conclude that E2 is sufficient to stimulate human breast epithelial cell proliferation at physiologically relevant concentrations and that P does not affect proliferation either alone or after E2 priming.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Investigation of a new pure antiestrogen (ICI 182780) in women with primary breast cancer.

We have conducted a clinical trial of a novel pure antiestrogen, 7 alpha-[9-(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentylsulfinyl)nonyl]estra-1,3,5,(1 0)-triene-3,17 beta-diol (ICI 182780), to assess its tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and short term biological effects in women with primary breast cancer. Fifty-six patients were randomized to either a control group (n = 19), in which they received no preoperative treatment, or a treatment group (n = 37), in which they received daily i.m. injections of ICI 182780 at doses of 6 mg (n = 21) or 18 mg (n = 16) for 7 days prior to primary breast surgery. Serum drug concentrations, gonadotropin levels, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels were measured during the study period by radioimmunoassay. Expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors, the estrogen-induced protein pS2, and the cell proliferation-related antigen Ki67 was determined immunocytochemically in pre- and poststudy tumor samples. Treatment with ICI 182780 caused no serious drug-related adverse events and had no effect on serum gonadotropin or sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Minor adverse events occurred in 5 patients receiving the 6-mg dose and 3 patients receiving the 18-mg dose. The serum concentration of ICI 182780 was dose dependent but showed variation between individuals. There was evidence of an approximately 3-fold drug accumulation over the short treatment period but steady state levels were not reached by the end of the 7 days. In patients with ER-positive tumors, treatment with ICI 182780 was associated with significant reductions in the tumor expression of ER (median ER index, 0.72 before versus 0.02 after treatment; P < 0.001), progesterone receptor (median progesterone receptor index, 0.50 before versus 0.01 after treatment; P < 0.05), and Ki67 (median Ki67 labeling index, 3.2 before versus 1.1 after treatment; P < 0.05). Treatment with ICI 182780 also resulted in a significant reduction in pS2 expression (P < 0.05) but this appeared unrelated to tumor ER status. In conclusion, ICI 182780 was well tolerated after short term administration and produced demonstrable antiestrogenic effects in human breast tumors in vivo, without showing evidence of agonist activity. These properties identify ICI 182780 as a candidate agent with which to evaluate whether a pure estrogen antagonist offers any additional benefit in the treatment of human breast cancer over conventional nonsteroidal antiestrogens, typified by tamoxifen, which exhibit variable degrees of agonist activity.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

An evaluation of five different methods for estimating proliferation in human colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Five different methods of determining cell proliferation have been compared in samples taken from a group of 125 human colorectal tumours labelled in vivo with iododeoxy-uridine (IUdR). The labelling index (LI) was obtained immunocytochemically using monoclonal antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the Ki67 antigen and IUdR (IUdRimm). Incorporation of IUdR was also determined flow cytometrically (IUdRfcm) and PCNA expression was measured in both formalin- and methanol-fixed tissue (PCNAf and PCNAm respectively). There was significant variation in the results obtained both within and between the different assays. Paired analysis of the data showed that the correlation between the different methods of determining the LI was poor. However, the IUdRfcm LI was significantly correlated with both IUdRimm (r = 0.39; n = 78; P < 0.001 by Spearman's test) and Ki67 LIs (r = 0.32; n = 87; P < 0.001). The IUdRimm LI was also significantly related to the Ki67 LI (r = 0.44; n = 60; P < 0.001). The median IUdRfcm and IUdRimm LIs were significantly higher in the aneuploid vs. the diploid tumours (17.4% vs. 6.2% for IUdRfcm; 23.2% vs. 18.9 for the IUdRimm; P < 0.001 and P = 0.014 respectively by Mann-Whitney U-test) but none of the other proliferative indices showed this relationship. Finally, none of the LIs showed a significant association with the clinical characteristics of the tumours such as stage, grade, age, sex or fixity. The findings of this investigation highlight the need for carefully controlled studies when assessing the value of proliferation markers in solid human tumours.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Towards a comprehensive neuropsychological service in the United Kingdom for adult patients being considered for epilepsy surgery.

We report the findings of two one-day meetings concerned with the current practice of clinical neuropsychologists involved in epilepsy surgery in Britain. Nine centres participated in the survey, the aim of which was to examine the strengths and current weaknesses in the services provided nationally and move toward further development. Each centre was asked to provide information via a questionnaire on three definitive areas: patient and family expectations and psychological health; neuropsychological protocol pre- and post-surgery; the intra-carotid sodium amytal protocol. Results of the survey revealed diverse practices across the three areas. Implications and recommendations for a uniformed approach have been made and a standard approach to assessing outcome is being further investigated by the epilepsy surgery group. However, the authors argue that a review of the whole of neuropsychological services for epilepsy and surgery is required.

Brain↗