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Biomedical subjects

E A Nelson

Publications and source records attributed to E A Nelson.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Differential reactivity of a monoclonal antibody directed to the membrane protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

A monoclonal antibody (2C12) against the 19 kDa membrane (M) protein of a Canadian isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was produced. By indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed in infected cells, but the pattern of fluorescence was generally different and intensity was weaker than that observed using the nucleocapsid protein-directed monoclonal antibody SDOW17. When tested by IIF towards a total of 26 PRRS virus isolates from Canada, 122 isolates from the US and 13 isolates from Europe the 2C12 MAb reacted with all the North American isolates tested including the VR-2332 isolate and the vaccine (RespPRRS) isolate. However no reactivity was observed towards the European isolates tested including the Lelystad virus. This reactivity pattern suggests that the epitope recognized by this MAb on the M protein of PRRS virus appears highly conserved among North American isolates but absent or weakly expressed on European isolates of PRRS virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Compression bandaging for venous leg ulcers.

Effective compression heals leg ulcers and prevents their recurrence. Incorrect bandaging and poor technique are often features of leg ulcer management. A number of bandage systems are currently in use. Multi-layer systems appear to be more effective than single-layer systems.

Bandages↗
PubMed1996

Child care practices and cot death in Hong Kong.

AIMS: To document child care practices in Hong Kong which has a very low SIDS rate of 0.3/1000 live births. METHODS: Data were collected by interview and postal questionnaires using a protocol developed in southern New Zealand. 195 mothers were recruited at the Prince of Wales Hospital and 100 completed the study. RESULTS: 81% babies slept in the parents room. 32% shared a bed with parents but only a third were described as being "in direct contact". Only 9% of infants were still breast feeding by 4 weeks of age. 78% of babies slept on their backs, 18% on their sides and 3% on the fronts. Sheepskins were not used and 56/58 described underbedding as firm or moderately firm. At the time of birth only 3% of mothers smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Certain SIDS risk factors (bedsharing, lack of breast feeding) are common in Hong Kong, whereas others (prone sleep position, soft underbedding, maternal smoking) appear uncommon.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Children on hunger strike: child abuse or legitimate protest?

The issue of children on hunger strike (voluntary total fasting) has not been reported before. The World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo 1975 and the Declaration of Malta 1991 (revised 1992) provide clinicians with guidelines for the management of adult patients on hunger strike but do not mention children. We report the management of 14 Vietnamese children, aged 1 to 12 years, who took part in a hunger strike at a refugee detention centre in Hong Kong.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Water vapour transmission rates in burns and chronic leg ulcers: influence of wound dressings and comparison with in vitro evaluation.

One of the main functions of wound dressings is to control water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) from wounded skin. In this paper, the influence of hydrocolloid, knitted viscose and gauze dressings was evaluated through in vivo measurement of WVTR in burns and chronic leg ulcers utilizing an evaporimeter. The results suggest that the evaporative water vapour loss from exposed skin wounds depends mainly on the wound depth, and that chronic leg ulcers have the same level of the WVTR as full thickness burns. Compared with the knitted viscose and gauze dressings, hydrocolloid dressing has a greater effect on reducing evaporative water loss, with WVTR being 20-30% of that of exposed wounds under the conditions used in this study. This result is in agreement with that obtained in an in vitro evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Aetiology of acute diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Hong Kong.

To determine the role of enteric pathogens in acute childhood diarrhoea in Hong Kong, 388 children with diarrhoea and 306 children of similar age without diarrhoea were evaluated in a hospital-based study during a one-year period from August 1994 to July 1995. Of the diarrhoeal cases, 55% were under 1 year and 95% were below 5 years of age. On admission, 22% had some dehydration but none was severely dehydrated. All children were well nourished. Oyer 60% of children with diarrhoea had one or more pathogens in their stool. Rotavirus was the most commonly isolated pathogen (34.6%), followed by Salmonella (23.3%), Campylobacter (4.7%) and Shigella (2.1%). Rotavirus was not assessed in the controls and was detected mainly during the winter months December to February. Bacterial pathogens were identified more commonly in diarrhoea patients (30%) than in controls (5.6%) (P < 0.001). Despite rapid recent socioeconomic development in Hong Kong, non-typhoidal Salmonella diarrhoea remains a significant local problem in infants under 1 year. Further detailed assessment of the transmission and prevention of this infection is required.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli diarrhea in children in Hong Kong.

This pediatric hospital-based study of 388 diarrhea cases and 306 controls analyzed predominant E. coli colonies from primary culture (253 cases and 177 controls) with eight DNA probes for enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroaggregative, and diffusely adherent E. coli. Only enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor was identified significantly more frequently in cases (10) than in controls (0).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Thermal balance in infants.

A theoretical model of heat balance is presented that could clarify the matching of babies' wrapping with their environments. Best estimates of metabolic heat input and heat loss by all known routes are defined for 22 parts of the body surface. The variation of these with core temperature, posture, skin vasodilatation, and the onset of sweating are calculated: first, by using presumed skin temperatures and second, by following iterative calculation of the skin temperature and the consequent total heat losses. Calculation of the highest tolerable ambient temperature (HTAT) for a given set of clothes, underbedding, and covers shows that a well-wrapped baby lying face down could have an HTAT 10 degrees C lower than if he/she were lying supine. Representative values for highest and lowest tolerable temperatures (defined in text) are presented for the first 6 mo of life. Retrospective estimation of thermal balance from death-scene data on clothing and bedding can permit assessment of hyperthermia or hypothermia as a contributing cause of death. Recommendations are made on the avoidance of hyperthermia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Chronological immunohistochemical detection and localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in gnotobiotic pigs.

An immunogold-silver immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the chronological distribution and localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in experimentally infected gnotobiotic pigs. Thirty-two pigs were randomly allocated to infected (n = 24) or control (n = 8) groups. Pigs in infected groups were inoculated at 3 days of age by nasal instillation of PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 (total dose = 10(2.64) TCID50), and control pigs were exposed in the same manner to uninfected cell culture supernatant. Three infected and one control pigs were euthanatized at 12 hours and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days postexposure (DPE). Bronchiolar epithelial cells, arteriolar endothelial cells, monocytes, and interstitial, alveolar, and intravascular macrophages stained for PRRSV antigen at 12 hours postexposure. Staining for PRRSV antigen in endothelial cells, monocytes, and alveolar, interstitial, and intravascular macrophages was most intense and widespread in lung sections from 14 and 21 DPE. In the heart, macrophages in the interstitial and subendocardial spaces and endothelial cells in a few arterioles stained for PRRSV antigen at 14 and 21 DPE. Tonsillar macrophages and mucosal epithelium stained for PRRSV antigen at 12 hours postexposure and sporadically with less intensity in subsequent sampling periods. In the nasal turbinate, PRRSV antigen was identified in macrophages within the mucosal epithelium at 12 hours postexposure and again at 14 and 21 DPE. There was focal staining for PRRSV antigen in the choroid plexus in one pig at 14 DPE. Based on the results of this experiment, the pathogenesis of PRRSV infection in gnotobiotic pigs can be described as initial virus entry through nasal epithelial, tonsillar, and pulmonary macrophages, with viremia occurring by 12 hours postexposure followed by the development of pneumonia, myocarditis, encephalitis, rhinitis, vasculitis, and lymphoid necrosis. Although PRRSV can infect macrophages in heart, tonsil, turbinate, and choroid plexus, pulmonary macrophages are predominantly and consistently infected and are the predominantly cells for virus replication in gnotobiotic pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Paediatrician attendance at caesarean section.

UNLABELLED: Five hundred and twenty term singleton infants delivered by Caesarean section were categorised into six groups according to type of Caesarean section (elective or emergency), type of anaesthesia (epidural or general) and presence of fetal distress. Infants delivered under general anaesthesia had a significantly higher incidence of respiratory depression at birth with Apgar scores < 7 at both 1 and 5 min (P < 0.00001), greater need for active resuscitation (intermittent positive pressure ventilation or bag and mask ventilation) (P < 0.000001) and a higher rate of neonatal unit admission (P < 0.00001). Caesarean sections for fetal distress were associated with a significantly higher incidence of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, but not bag and mask ventilation, for both the general anaesthesia and epidural groups (P < 0.003 and P < 0.02 respectively), indicating severe respiratory depression in some cases. Under epidural anaesthesia, both elective section and emergency section without fetal distress were low risk deliveries. By excluding the non-cephalic presentation cases in these two groups, the incidence of infants requiring active resuscitation was equivalent to the incidence quoted for spontaneous normal delivery. CONCLUSION: Attendance by a paediatrician is not routinely required at epidural Caesarean section when the infant is cephalic and when there is no fetal distress. Every effort should be made to ensure that epidural anaesthesia is provided in preference to general anaesthesia.

Adult↗