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Biomedical subjects

E A McLaren

Publications and source records attributed to E A McLaren.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Flexural strength of a layered zirconia and porcelain dental all-ceramic system.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: New processing techniques have facilitated the use of zirconia core materials in all-ceramic dental prostheses. Zirconia has many potential advantages compared to existing core materials; however, its performance when layered with porcelain has not been evaluated. PURPOSE: This study investigated the strength of a wide variety of layered zirconia and porcelain beams to determine whether the inclusion of zirconia cores results in improved strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight types of layered or simple zirconia and porcelain beams (n = 10), approximately fixed partial denture-size, were made of a tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium dioxide partially stabilized with yttria core (Lava System Frame) and a feldspathic dental porcelain (Lava Ceram veneer ceramic). Elastic moduli of the materials were measured using an acoustic method. Maximum force and modulus of rupture were determined using 3-point flexural testing and a universal testing machine. Descriptive statistical methods were used. RESULTS: Beams with porcelain tensile surfaces recorded mean tensile strengths or moduli of rupture from 77 to 85 MPa, whereas beams with zirconia tensile surfaces recorded moduli of rupture almost an order of magnitude higher, 636 to 786 MPa. The elastic moduli of the porcelain and zirconia materials were 71 and 224 GPa, respectively. Crack propagation following initial tensile cracking often involved the porcelain-zirconia interface, as well as bulk porcelain and zirconia. CONCLUSION: The layered zirconia-porcelain system tested recorded substantially higher moduli of rupture than have been previously reported for other layered all-ceramic systems.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMed2001

Photography in dentistry.

The use of photography is becoming a standard for today's modern dental practice. Dental imaging is critical for the sharing of visual information among the patient, dentist, and ceramist. This article covers the basics of camera, lens, and flash selection, and the use of camera flash systems. It will also provide guidelines for obtaining a good dental image.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Survival of In-Ceram crowns in a private practice: a prospective clinical trial.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Prior reports on some all-ceramic crown systems have indicated high failure rates through fracture. PURPOSE: This study prospectively evaluated the survival of infiltrated alumina crowns (In-Ceram) in a private practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All the In-Ceram crowns placed in a prosthodontic practice since its introduction in 1990 were serially included. Patients were recalled at 6 monthly intervals. Those who did not attend in the previous 6 months were contacted by telephone and a series of answers to standardized questions recorded. The few patients who were lost to follow-up or who died were removed from the study from the time of last contact. RESULTS: A total of 408 crowns in 107 patients were followed for periods from 1 to 86 months. As the 3-year data combined a meaningful period of service with a large sample size, these data were focused on. The 3-year survival rate was 96% for a sample size of 223. Three-year data indicated that core fracture and porcelain fracture occurred at rates of approximately 0.6% and 0.3% per year, respectively. Otherwise sound restorations were removed at a rate of approximately 0.3% per year for esthetic, endodontic, or prosthetic reasons. Anterior crowns tended to have a slightly higher 3-year survival rate (98%) than premolars or molars (94%). CONCLUSION: Clinical failure rate of In-Ceram crowns was low. Crowns were lost because of core fracture, porcelain fracture, and removal without failure. Failure tended to be more common for molar and premolar crowns than for anterior crowns.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1999

Considerations in the use of polymer and fiber-based indirect restorative materials.

Restorative materials and techniques are constantly refined in order to address the aesthetic expectations of patients. Second-generation laboratory-fabricated composite materials have recently been developed to combine the advantages of porcelain with composite resin. This class of biomaterial can be utilized in a variety of direct and indirect clinical applications than include inlay/onlay restorations, full-coverage crowns, fixed partial dentures, and implant-supported prostheses. This article reviews considerations for the use of these materials from clinical indications through cementation.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1999

Glass-infiltrated zirconia/alumina-based ceramic for crowns and fixed partial dentures.

The increased demand for metal-free restorative alternatives has resulted in the proliferation of all-ceramic systems. While these materials can predictably achieve aesthetic results in the anterior, they have traditionally been contraindicated for posterior applications due to the greater stresses present in the region. This article discusses a zirconia/alumina-based ceramic system that has been developed to expand the alternatives for the aesthetic restoration of the dentition. Material properties and considerations for its use in crown restorations, fixed partial dentures, and custom implant abutments are similarly addressed.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1998

Utilization of advanced metal-ceramic technology: clinical and laboratory procedures for a lower-fusing porcelain.

Metal-ceramic restorations remain the most widely accepted type of indirect restorative modality, and have been applied successfully for years. Recent advances in material science have resulted in the development of a new class of metal-ceramic materials that have been termed lower-fusing ceramics. Following proper procedures for preparation and metal framework design, these metal-ceramic porcelains achieve the aesthetics normally demonstrated by conventional all-ceramic restorations. This article provides an overview of the clinical and laboratory processes utilizing these materials and is illustrated by two case presentations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

All-ceramic alternatives to conventional metal-ceramic restorations.

In the search for the ultimate esthetic restorative material, many new all-ceramic systems have been introduced to the market. One such system, In-Ceram, is primarily crystalline in nature, whereas all other forms of ceramics used in dentistry consist primarily of a glass matrix with a crystalline phase as a filler. In-Cream can be used to make all-ceramic crowns and fixed partial denture frameworks. Three forms of In-Ceram, based on alumina, spinal (a mixture of alumina and magnesia), or zirconia, make it possible to fabricate frameworks of various translucencies by using different processing techniques. This article discusses clinical indications and contraindications for the use of In-Ceram Alumina and In-Ceram Spinell all-ceramic restorations. Particular attention is given to cement considerations using several clinical examples.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1997

Luminescent veneers.

The ultimate esthetic dentistry takes into account the conservation of healthy tooth structure integrated with biologic and long-term functional requirements. Materials and techniques that address these inseparable issues are necessary for true excellence. One such material has been presented for the fabrication of porcelain veneers without the need for overt tooth destruction to create masking ability and without an unsightly opaque appearance.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMed1997

Using copy milling technology in restorative dentistry.

A technique for the fabrication of copy milled ceramic restorations has been presented. Both direct and indirect fabrication techniques of inlays, onlays, veneers, and crowns are possible. A copy milling machine can mill accurately fitting restorations with a marginal gap of 50 microns. The machine uses premanufactured porcelain blanks, which have improved physical properties over conventional porcelains used in standard techniques. Recently, the ability to mill In-Ceram crowns from presintered alumina blocks and Spinell crowns from alumina/magnesia blocks has been added to the system. The copings are veneered with aluminous porcelain as in the conventional In-Ceram technique.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1990

Liver and biliary tract cancer among chemical workers.

A recent cohort mortality study of male, hourly wage employees of a large Michigan chemical production and research facility had found a greater than expected number of deaths coded to liver and biliary tract cancer. In response, an additional investigation was then undertaken of the 44 liver and biliary tract cancer deaths observed between 1940 and 1982. A random sample (N = 1,888) of subjects was selected from the total cohort (N = 21,437) to serve as referents. Company work history records were used to classify cases and referents by work area assignment and potential for exposure to 11 selected chemical agents which have been shown to produce cancer of the liver or biliary passages in experimental animals. Statistically significant associations in both positive and negative directions were found for several work areas within the facility. A suggestive association was found for vinyl chloride monomer, based on five cases with presumed exposure.

Biliary Tract Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Incidence of chloracne among chemical workers potentially exposed to chlorinated dioxins.

Company medical charts were reviewed for 2192 chemical workers who were potentially exposed to chlorinated dioxins during 1940 to 1982 to determine whether they were ever diagnosed as having chloracne. Nearly 16% of the 2072 workers with medical records were found to have been so affected. The incidence of chloracne was noted to have been highest among the youngest workers, and among those who worked in the production of chlorinated phenols rather than with products derived from those materials. Chloracne incidence was found to increase with several measures of intensity and cumulative dose of tetra- and hexa- to octachlorinated dioxins, but these analyses were hampered somewhat by the limitations of both the exposure and medical outcome data.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1989

Morbidity among employees engaged in the manufacture or formulation of chlorpyrifos.

The prevalence of selected illnesses and symptoms during 1977-85 was compared between 175 employees potentially exposed to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos and 335 matched controls with no history of exposure to organophosphates. Subjects were subdivided into three exposure intensity groups on the basis of job title and air monitoring data for dose response testing. This classification scheme was shown roughly to correlate with plasma cholinesterase inhibition in the workers. No statistically significant differences in illness or prevalence of symptoms were observed between the exposed and unexposed groups or among the three exposure subgroups. Potentially exposed employees did report symptoms of dizziness and of malaise and fatigue relatively more often than subjects from the comparison group; however, further analyses by exposure level, process area, or time did not support a relation with exposure. No cases of peripheral neuropathy were seen among the exposed workers. Although the sample size was small and the statistical power limited, the cumulative exposures likely to have been experienced by this workforce exceed those to be expected for individuals using the product as recommended. The absence of exposure related adverse effects, including neurological impairment, is reassuring.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1989

Update of mortality among chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins.

This study provided 2 additional years of follow-up through 1984 for a previously studied cohort of 2192 employees potentially exposed to chlorinated dioxins. A separate analysis was done of the subgroup of 323 workers who had chloracne. No clear evidence was found for a causal association between any cause of death and potential occupational exposures to the higher chlorinated phenols, derivative products, or the chlorinated dioxins. Particular focus was directed at mortality from cancers of the stomach, liver, connective and other soft tissue, nasal and nasopharynx, and the lymphomas. Analyses by various indices of exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hexa- to octachlorinated dioxins did not show deaths from these cancers to have been disproportionately distributed among the workers considered to have had the highest exposures.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1988

Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts.

Mortality is reported to the end of 1982 for 878 chemical workers potentially exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at any time between 1945 and 1983. Observed mortality was compared with expected levels based on adjusted rates for United States white men and for other male employees from this manufacturing location who were not exposed to 2,4-D. Because of a recently reported increased incidence of astrocytomas in male rats fed the highest dose level of 2,4-D, special attention was given to deaths from brain neoplasms in the cohort. None was observed. The absence of an increased risk of brain cancer in people exposed to 2,4-D is supported by studies of other exposed populations and those studies are briefly reviewed. Moreover, in the present study, analyses by production area, duration of exposure, and cumulative dose showed no patterns suggestive of a causal association between 2,4-D exposure and any other particular cause of death.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗