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Biomedical subjects

E A Baker

Publications and source records attributed to E A Baker.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Defining characteristics of community-based health promotion programs.

Community-based health promotion programs have flourished over the past twenty years. These programs have varied considerably in their goals and in their approaches to reaching these goals. While some flexibility is critical to program effectiveness, it is also important to determine a set of defining characteristics in order to distinguish community-based programs from other types of health promotion activities. In this article, we examine some of the defining characteristics of community-based health promotion programs, and the challenges faced by practitioners who with to engage in this type of work.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1998

Medullary c-Fos activation in rats after ingestion of a satiating meal.

The distribution and chemical phenotypes of hindbrain neurons that are activated in rats after food ingestion were examined. Rats were anesthetized and perfused with fixative 30 min after the end of 1-h meals of an unrestricted or rationed amount of food, or after no meal. Brain sections were processed for localization of the immediate-early gene product c-Fos, a marker of stimulus-induced neural activation. Hindbrain c-Fos expression was low in rats that ate a rationed meal or no meal. Conversely, c-Fos was prominent in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and area postrema in rats that ate to satiety. There was a significant positive correlation between postmortem weight of gastric contents and the proportion of NST catecholaminergic neurons expressing c-Fos. Cells in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) were not activated in rats after food ingestion, in contrast with previous findings that stimulation of gastric vagal afferents with anorexigenic doses of cholecystokinin activates c-Fos expression in both NST and VLM catecholaminergic cells. These findings indicate that anatomically distinct subsets of hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons are activated in rats after food ingestion and that activation of these cells is quantitatively related to the magnitude of feeding-induced gastric distension.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Measuring community capacity: where do we go from here?

Goodman et al. have set us off on our journey to articulate and measure the dimensions of community capacity. While we have tried to identify some of the areas for future exploration, it is clear that this should be an ongoing process. Moreover, it is important that the process used to develop measures, assess capacity, and use the information to intervene be consistent with the intended outcome--building community capacity. In other words, at a minimum, the process should be cognizant of the history of the community, be participatory (i.e., incorporate the multitude of voices involved, particularly those of the community members themselves) and use the skills and resources available in professional, academic, and community settings. Perhaps most important, this dialogue must begin from a place of respect for the multitude of perspectives that need to be brought to bear to enhance community capacity to create healthful changes.

Community Networks↗
PubMed1997

Role of renal aquaporins in escape from vasopressin-induced antidiuresis in rat.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether escape from vasopressin-induced antidiuresis is associated with altered regulation of any of the known aquaporin water channels. After 4-d pretreatment with 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (dDAVP) by osmotic mini-pump, rats were divided into two groups: control (continued dDAVP) and water-loaded (continued dDAVP plus a daily oral water load). A significant increase in urine volume in the water-loaded rats was observed by the second day of water loading, indicating onset of vasopressin escape. The onset of escape coincided temporally with a marked decrease in renal aquaporin-2 protein (measured by semiquantitative immunoblotting), which began at day 2 and fell to 17% of control levels by day 3. In contrast, there was no decrease in the renal expression of aquaporins 1, 3, or 4. The marked suppression of whole kidney aquaporin-2 protein was accompanied by a concomitant suppression of whole kidney aquaporin-2 mRNA levels. Immunocytochemical localization and differential centrifugation studies demonstrated that trafficking of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane remained intact during vasopressin escape. The results suggest that escape from vasopressin-induced antidiuresis is attributable, at least in part, to a vasopressin-independent decrease in aquaporin-2 water channel expression in the renal collecting duct.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Latino Health Advocacy Program: a collaborative lay health advisor approach.

There have been numerous calls in the literature for health educators to develop programs to improve access to and utilization of health and human services by traditionally underserved communities, including Latinos. While the literature suggests several principles that can guide the development of these programs, it is important to address the needs, and build on the strengths, of the specific community of interest. It is, therefore, important to use collaborative approaches in which community members take an active role in the initiation, design, implementation, and evaluation of program activities. Lay health advisor programs are particularly well suited to this approach as they are designed to build on the strength of already existing community relationships to improve community health. This article describes a collaborative, culturally appropriate, holistic, and ecological lay health advisor program--the Latino Health Advocacy Program. Lessons learned and implications for future program development are discussed.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Occupational stress, safety, and health: conceptual framework and principles for effective prevention interventions.

The authors present an overarching conceptual model of occupational stress, safety, and health, incorporating multiple factors from diverse disciplines. They examine specific implications of the model for the development of prevention interventions (e.g., context-specific interventions and primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention). They review prevention interventions and describe and analyze 4 case studies that address exposure to environmental, ergonomic, and psychosocial stressors and a combination of physical-environmental and psychosocial stressors. The authors examine lessons learned from these interventions in light of the conceptual model (e.g., role of top management and integrating research and intervention).

Health Status↗
PubMed1994

A participatory approach to worksite health promotion.

A review of literature suggests that individual, social, and organizational factors are important to consider in the development of worksite health promotion programs. This article describes a conceptual framework that integrates these factors. The implications of this framework for the development, implementation, and evaluation of worksite health promotion programs and the results of an intervention based on this approach are presented. The results from this study highlight the importance of active employee involvement in all stages of worksite health promotion programs. The findings also indicate that programs need to address the causes, not just the symptoms, of stressful working conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sustaining collaborative problem solving: strategies from a study in six Asian countries.

This paper presents findings from seven case studies of collaborative problem solving. The cases represent models of large-scale collaborative effort to improve the social, economic or health status of residents in poor communities. In these examples a variety of organizations worked together: government, business, voluntary agencies, community groups and people's organizations. A range of strategies was evident as these entities tried to sustain their collaboration. Strategies identified included those deployed collectively, those used by an individual organization to maintain its ability to participate and those used to persuade or pressure needed collaborators to become involved or stay the course. Specific strategies employed and descriptions of their use are presented and comprise a compelling profile of how collaborative problem solving functions.

Asia↗
PubMed1975

A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan.

A new focus of onchocerciasis is reported from Upper Atbara River area in the Sudan. This river is a known seasonal breeding place of Simulium damnosum. The area was sparsely populated in the past but now, following agricultural development, is inhibited mainly by immigrants from Northern Nigeria and Chad. Clinically the common features are skin changes of the legs, thighs buttocks, arms and trunk. Other features are corneal opacities and small often deeply placed subcutaneous nodules. Choroido-retinal degeneration, genital elephantiasis and hydrocoele, commonly associated with onchocerciasis in other parts of the Sudan, are absent.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proteinases, their inhibitors, and cytokine profiles in acute wound fluid.

Wound healing is a complex process involving the interactions of many different cell types, matrix components and biological factors, including proteinases and cytokines. This study compared the levels of proteinases (matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators), proteinase inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and plasminogen activator inhibitors), inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in acute wound fluid samples collected from the surgical drains of elective breast (n = 24) and colorectal (n = 26) patients on the first postoperative day. Gelatin zymography was used to determine matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 levels, quenched fluorescence substrate hydrolysis was applied for total MMP activity and enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to quantitate other factors. Colorectal wound fluid samples showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater levels of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, 2, 3, and 9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta, -6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha); e.g., matrix metalloproteinase-3 colon; median 275 (range 11-2.530) ng/ml; breast; 530-400. However, tissue plasminogen activator and growth factor levels (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1) were significantly greater in breast samples; e.g., epidermal growth factor breast 468 (103-1, 444) pg/ml; colon 57(1-573). There was no difference in the levels of urokinase type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases -2 or vascular endothelial growth factor. Acute wound fluid from different surgical wounds showed different profiles of proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, and cytokines. This may lead to differences in the rate of tissue remodeling and therefore healing in these two wounds in vivo.

Acute Disease↗