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Biomedical subjects

Donald E Greydanus

Publications and source records attributed to Donald E Greydanus.

29 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Pediatric neurodevelopment and sports participation. When are children ready to play sports?

A fundamental knowledge of normal child and adolescent development is essential to providing a developmentally appropriate sports experience for the child, and to providing guidance to parents regarding their child's sport participation. This article reviews neurodevelopment, normal child and adolescent development relevant to sport participation, and developmental readiness to participate in sports. Neurodevelopmental maturation is a complex, continuous process. The sense of social comparison is not achieved until after 6 years of age, and the ability to understand the competitive nature of sports is generally not achieved until 9 years of age. By about 12 years of age, most children are mature enough to comprehend the complex tasks of sports and are physically and cognitively ready to participate in competitive sports with appropriate supervision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The female athlete. Before and beyond puberty.

As the twentieth century progressed, the female athlete became an accepted participant of sports at all levels. This article reviews various aspects of female sports participation. After an historical perspective, selected comments are provided on psychologic and physiologic aspects. Concepts of adolescent gynecology are reviewed, including breast and menstrual problems and pregnancy. Other areas reviewed include iron deficiency anemia, stress urinary incontinence, and sports injuries in female athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The pediatric athlete with disabilities.

There have been increased opportunities and sports participation by athletes with disabilities during the past decades. Research on pediatric athletes with disabilities remains limited. Appropriate classification of athletes on the basis of their functional abilities is key to fair participation. Preparticipation evaluation of these athletes is based on similar principles as for able-bodied athletes. The prevalence, nature, evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment principles for injuries are similar for athletes with disability and for those without. There are few disability-specific medical and orthopedic issues to be considered in working with these athletes. Sport participation recommendations are based on the specific disability and demands of the sport. The vast majority of athletes with disabilities can participate safely in a number of sports if appropriately matched; such participation should be encouraged and facilitated at all levels because of well-recognized psychological and medical benefits. Significant progress has been made in increasing sports participation opportunities for persons with disabilities; this is especially true for adults and, to a lesser extent, for children and adolescents. Many barriers remain, however: inadequate facilities, exclusion of children with disabilities, medical professional overprotection, lack of trained personnel and volunteers to work with children with disabilities, lack of public knowledge about disabilities, and lack of financial support for sport and physical education in schools [9,12].

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sports doping in the adolescent athlete the hope, hype, and hyperbole.

A well-balanced diet with appropriate training is the key to maximizing athletic performance. Nutritional counseling should be an essential part of anticipatory guidance, especially for certain teens, such as those who are vegetarians or those with low-calorie intakes. Other considerations for anticipatory guidance are listed in Box 8. Adequate hydration before, during, and after practice or a game is important to maintain hemodynamic balance, prevent heat disorders, and optimize performance. Cool water is adequate for short-duration activities, while carbohydrate-electrolyte fluids are more desirable for long-term activities, especially those lasting more than an hour. Such drinks are also more palatable and the athlete is more likely to consume them. Carbohydrates (meaning hydrates of carbon) are an important part of the athlete's diet; carbohydrates are rapidly broken down and their energy is quickly supplied to the body. The body stores only a small amount of carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the liver, while muscle glycogen is an immediate source of energy. Thus, carbohydrate loading has been used to increase glycogen stores and aid the athlete involved in endurance events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent sexuality and disability.

All human beings are sexual from birth to death and all adolescents, with or without chronic illness or disability, must incorporate appropriate concepts of sexuality into their process of development from child to adult. This chapter reviews normal adolescent development with specific reference to sexuality. Potential effects of chronic illness and disability on this process are reviewed, including coital behavior, sexual abuse, sexual dysfunction, and sexual offending. Management of sexual issues in chronically ill or disabled adolescents is considered, including comments about gynecologic needs of disabled girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Genes and athletes.

Genetics plays an important role in determining characteristics desired for success in a given sport. Advances in biotechnology pose interesting and perplexing dilemmas for athletes, parents, health care providers, and society at large. Gene therapy holds great prospects for disease prevention and treatment. The same techniques also can be misused for genetic manipulation to enhance athletic prowess. This chapter reviews selective aspects of genotype influence on sport performance, uses and misuses of genetic technology, and ethical as well as legal dilemmas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Neurologic considerations for adolescent athletes.

Sports-related head injuries in young athletes can have both acute and long-term complications. Concussions are the most common type of diffuse brain injury in young athletes. Research on concussions in young athletes is limited. Most current management guidelines are based on expert opinion and consensus. The role neuropsychological testing as an objective measure is increasingly being recognized in the management of concussions. This article reviews practical aspects of concussion management. The implications for sport participation by athletes with epilepsy, sport-related headaches, and burner syndrome are also reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychopharmacology of ADHD in adolescents.

The use of medication is an important element in the management of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An overview of basic psychopharmacologic principles is presented, followed by a review of medications that are well-documented as effective in the amelioration of ADHD symptomatology. These include stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines, and pemoline), tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline), alpha2-agonists (clonidine and guanfacine), and bupropion. Medications used to treat comorbidities of ADHD (e.g., depression, anxiety, disruptive disorders) are not considered in this review. Psychopharmacology is a very useful tool as part of the overall management of ADHD in adolescents.

Adolescent↗