Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to D Zwart.
In recent years, babesiosis is frequently observed in dogs which have been on holiday with their owners in southern Europe. The epidemiology and wide variety of symptoms are discussed. Satisfactory results were obtained on treatment with Berenil (Hoechst) and Acaprin (Bayer). In addition to tick control, Imizole (Burroughs Wellcome) might be adopted in preventive treatment.
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A skin eruption developed in five calves with advanced experimental East Coast fever (ECF) (Theileria parva infection). In three cases the eruption was due to intradermal nodules containing numerous theilerial schizonts, in one animal the nodules contained abscesses filled with Demodex mites, and in the fifth calf both types of nodules were present. No nodules were seen in 15 other experimental cases of ECF, which generally died or were killed in an earlier stage of the disease. It is postulated that demodicosis may become apparent in healthy carriers of the mite in the course of ECF, because of immuno-depression caused by the latter disease.
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Acute and chronic forms of disease can be distinguished in Trypanosoma vivax infection in the goat. The main difference between the acute and chronic form seems to be the presence of microthrombi in the acute stage of infection; these consist of platelets, trypanosomes, monocytoid cells and some fibrin. This thrombus formation seems directly related to the high parasitaemia in acute trypanosomiasis and may result in ischaemia which could also explain the haemorrhages, the oedema of the lungs and other tissues, and the necrotic changes found in several organs. The anaemia, associated with erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis, extramedullary haemopoiesis and hyperactivity of the bone marrow, seemed to be of haemolytic origin. The factors leading to emaciation seemed to be degenerative atrophy of muscular tissue and loss of protein in the urine caused by a possible immune complex glomerulonephritis.
Goats were infected with Trypanosoma vivax or inoculated with a low pyrogenic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium in order to obtain evidence about the role of kinins and serotonin in the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis and in endotoxin induced ruminal stasis. The following conclusions were made: (1) whole blood serotonin and bradykinin-like activity levels and clinical symptoms during fever, induced by LPS E coli or T vivax infection are not comparable. (2) There is no good correlation between the changes in heart rate and the temperature rise during fever, evoked by LPS E Coli or T vivax infection. (3) No change of whole blood serotonin level was found during LPS induced fever and only a small increase in the whole blood bradykinin-like activity could be detected. These data suggest that the inhibition of the extrinsic ruminal contractions and the bradycardia followed by a biphasic increase in heart rate during LPS induced fever are not mediated by these substances. (4) The peaks of parasitaemia during the acute phase of T vivax infection are associated with increases in whole blood bradykinin level. However, the high blood bradykinin-like activity did not cause an inhibition of the extrinsic ruminal contractions. (5) The slightly raised bradykinin-like activity during the chronic phase of T vivax infection suggests that bradykinin is not a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic T vivax infection. (6) The fluctuations of the blood serotonin level during temperature peaks, associated with peaks of parasitaemia and the presence of many platelet thrombi in goats dying during overwhelming parasitaemia suggests a correlation between T vivax, platelet aggregation and blood serotonin decrease.
The sandwich immunofluorescent complement fixation test proved to be as sensitive as the indirect fluorescent antibody test when anti-C1q was used to detect the binding of complement to antigen-antibody complex of four species of trypanosomes in experimentally infected domestic animals.
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