Biomedical subjects

D Y Jones

Publications and source records attributed to D Y Jones.

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: analysis of NHANES II.

Recent recommendations for increases in desirable body weights are based upon studies which did not consider the potential confounding effect of cigarette consumption on body weight. We investigated the relation between tobacco use and several anthropometric measurements in 12,103 men and women 19-74 years of age in the United States examined between 1976 and 1980 during the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Cigarette smokers weighed less (mean +/- standard error = 69.8 +/- 0.2 kg) and were leaner (body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) = 24.6 +/- 0.1) than nonsmokers (72.5 +/- 0.2 kg and 25.7 +/- 0.1, respectively), controlling for age and sex. Body leanness increased with the duration (but not intensity) of smoking. Ex-smokers were not heavier or fatter than nonsmokers, and these groups experienced similar weight gain after age 25 (approximately 6 kg in men, 9 kg in women), while current smokers gained substantially less weight (3.5 kg in men, 5.4 kg in women). Compared to nonsmokers, former and current smokers were also slightly taller. Most of these associations were evident in both sexes and all ages evaluated, and were not explained by differences in caloric intake, physical activity, illness, or socioeconomic status. Our findings suggest that the increased mortality observed among lean individuals in previous studies may have been due to smoking rather than leanness per se, and that as a result, currently accepted desirable body weights may be overestimated.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Dietary fat and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.

The relationship between dietary fat intake and breast cancer incidence was examined in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort. This cohort is derived from adults (greater than or equal to 25 yr) examined in the NHANES I (1970-75) cross-sectional survey of the U.S. population and provides a mean follow-up time of 10 years. An analytic sample of 5,485 women, including 99 breast cancer cases (34 premenopausal and 65 postmenopausal at NHANES I baseline), was examined for associations with dietary intake of fat, percent energy from fat, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and cholesterol on the basis of a 24-hour recall administered at the baseline NHANES I examination. No significant differences in dietary fat intake between cases and noncases were evident when mean intakes for each group were compared. For total fat (g) and saturated fat (g), a significant inverse association was indicated in proportional hazards analyses. Adjustment of fat for total energy intake resulted in a smaller effect that was no longer statistically significant. Adjustment for accepted breast cancer risk factors did not change these findings. This prospective study of a sample from the U.S. population does not support the hypothesis that high dietary fat intake increases breast cancer risk. Indeed, some lower risk associated with high fat intake may be indicated, although this result may be influenced by methodologic problems with the dietary assessment.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Influence of dietary fat on menstrual cycle and menses length.

Menstrual cycle and menses lengths were determined in 31 healthy premenopausal women randomized into one of two sets of weight-maintaining diets, those with a ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S ratio) of 1.0 and those with a P/S ratio of 0.3. After a baseline interval of one menstrual cycle, both groups were fed a high fat diet (40 per cent energy from fat) for four menstrual cycles per subject, followed by a similar interval on a low fat diet (20 per cent energy from fat). There was a significant increase of 1.3 d (P = 0.02) in the average menstrual cycle length and 0.5 d (P = 0.01) in menses length on the low fat diet. Although no significant differences were evident between the P/S groups, the effect of low fat on menstrual cycle and menses length was most pronounced in the P/S = 1.0 group.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Correlations of body mass indices with weight, stature, and body composition in men and women in NHANES I and II.

It is useful to develop indices of weight and stature, or body mass indices (BMIs), that are highly correlated with weight, are independent of stature, and accurately reflect body composition. The anthropometric data collected in the NHANES I (1971-74) and NHANES II (1976-80) US population samples were used to test the statistical characteristics and biologic correlations of various BMIs reported in the literature. BMIs that are independent of stature and still highly correlated to weight (r = 0.89-0.98) over all ages and distributions of fatness and leanness are W/S2 in men and both W/S and W/S1.5 in women. These BMIs are also highly correlated to measured and calculated estimates of body composition including subscapular skinfold thickness (r = 0.78-0.80), arm circumference (r = 0.83-0.89), and arm fat area (r = 0.71-0.83).

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Influences in child growth associated with poverty in the 1970's: an examination of HANESI and HANESII, cross-sectional US national surveys.

This research examines associations between various measures of child growth (height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, subscapular skinfold thickness), dietary variables, and poverty status in a sample of 13,750 black and white children aged 1 to 17 yr. The data used in this survey were collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II (HANESI, 1971-1975, and HANESII, 1976-1980). In general, lower mean values for all the growth measures examined were found in children living below the defined poverty threshold in comparison with those above the poverty threshold. The magnitude of these poverty-associated differences tended to decrease between the times of the HANESI and HANESII surveys, though not sufficiently to be statistically significant. These differences in growth were not consistently associated with differences in dietary intake of energy between poverty groups or surveys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Patterns of week-to-week table-salt use by men and women consuming constant diets.

Ad-libitum table-salt use by subjects on constant diets was analysed to determine patterns of individual consistency or variation. Data were obtained from two studies in which free-living subjects ate all meals in a metabolic unit. In one study, 24 men consumed a diet constant in all respects except caloric level and source of dietary fibre over an 80-day period. In the other study, 13 women consumed a diet which varied only in caloric level and riboflavin content over a 67-day period. The menu for each study consisted of a conventional breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks. Table-salt use was recorded as week-to-week weights of individually assigned salt shakers. Large and significant interindividual differences were observed in the amounts of salt added to the same menu. In contrast, a high degree of intraindividual consistency in salt use was observed from week-to-week and, among the women, across menstrual cycle phases. When food portions were increased during the second half of the men's study, table-salt use increased but the amount used per 1000 kcal remained relatively constant. In both sexes, variance in salt use increased proportionately with the mean.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Eating patterns.

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Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective study of reproductive, familial and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data.

Risk factors for breast cancer in a cohort of women who participated in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and its followup epidemiologic survey were examined. The analytic cohort consisted of 122 breast cancer cases and 7,304 noncases, with a median followup time of 10 years. We found no appreciable increase in risk among women who reported their onset of menarche as occurring before the age of 13 compared with those reporting onset at ages 13 and older. Breast cancer risk was progressively elevated with increasing age at first live birth (test for trend, P less than 0.007). The number of children born to a woman did not influence risk, but the data suggested an increased risk for nulliparous women. A family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative was the strongest predictor of risk for this cohort of women, with relative risks of 2.2 and 2.4 associated with a mother or sister affected with breast cancer, compared with women having no family history. The age of natural menopause had little influence on breast cancer risk, and the data suggested a slight protective effect of early surgical menopause. Higher education (compared with less than a high school education) was associated with an increased risk in this cohort of women (relative risk (RR) = 2.1; 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-5.1). These results (a) confirm the importance of some well-recognized risk factors for breast cancer in a cohort of women, followed prospectively for 10 years, and perhaps more importantly, (b) uniquely provide risk estimates on a probability sample of women in the United States.

Adult↗