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Biomedical subjects

D Wypij

Publications and source records attributed to D Wypij.

47 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Pulmonary function between 6 and 18 years of age.

Pulmonary function of children aged 6-18 years is described based on 82,462 annual measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75%) from 11,630 white children and 989 black children. Median height, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75% for each 3 months of age are compared among race and sex subgroups. Race- and sex-specific percentile distributions of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75% are presented for each centimeter of height (growth curves). For the same height, boys have greater lung function values than girls, and whites have greater ones than blacks. Lung function increases linearly with age until the adolescent growth spurt at about age 10 years in girls and 12 in boys. The pulmonary function vs. height relationship shifts with age during adolescence. Thus, a single equation or the pulmonary function-height growth chart alone does not completely describe growth during the complex adolescent period. Nevertheless, race- and sex-specific growth curves of pulmonary function vs. height make it easy to display and evaluate repeated measures of pulmonary function for an individual child. Race-, sex-, and age-specific regression equations based on height are provided, which permit the evaluation of growth during adolescence with improved accuracy and, more importantly, in comparison with previous observations for the same child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Longitudinal height velocity standards for U.S. adolescents.

Longitudinally based height velocity centiles for U.S. children, appropriate for paediatric clinical use, were derived for growth from ages 7 to 18 years. A series of gender- and race-specific figures present the median velocity curves for children by year of maturation. Smooth 3rd to 97th centile curves, for blacks and whites together, are provided for children who are early, average, and late maturers. The data were taken from 6532 black and white children participating in the Six Cities Study from 1974 to 1989.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Pulmonary function growth velocity in children 6 to 18 years of age.

Pulmonary function growth rate varies with a child's stage of growth. Since attained pulmonary function reflects the cumulative effects of growth, insults, and repair, rate of growth may be a more sensitive indicator of a child's current pulmonary health status. The sample for analyses included 2,478 white boys and 2,785 white girls followed annually by questionnaire and spirometry. Empirically derived annual growth velocities, peak velocity (Vpk), and age at which peak velocity occurred (Agepk) were determined for height, FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75 for each child. Mean velocity curves for height, FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75, stratified by sex and Agepk of height (an indicator for early, middle, or late maturity) were produced as a function of age. The differences between Agepk of FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75 and Agepk of height (i.e., the lag period) were compared by sex and by the indicator of maturity. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between Vpk and Agepk of height, as well as between the lag period and Agepk of height. As is generally observed in height growth, there were considerable variations in the age of onset and magnitudes of the adolescent growth spurts of the pulmonary function parameters both between sexes and among children of the same sex. The duration of adolescent growth spurt appeared to be similar for all children, regardless of early, middle, or late maturity. Thus, those who matured earlier had shorter total growth periods than those who matured later. On the other hand, early maturers had greater growth velocities during preadolescence and greater adolescent Vpk than later maturers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC). Contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health.

The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) has been developed to elicit illness-related perceptions, beliefs, and practices in a cultural study of leprosy and mental health in Bombay. Leprosy is an especially appropriate disorder for studying the inter-relationship of culture, mental health and medical illness because of deeply rooted cultural meanings, the emotional burden, and underuse of effective therapy. Fifty per cent of 56 recently diagnosed leprosy out-patients, 37% of 19 controls with another stigmatised dermatological condition (vitiligo), but only 8% of 12 controls with a comparable non-stigmatised condition (tinea versicolor) met DSM-III-R criteria for an axis I depressive, anxiety or somatoform disorder. Belief in a humoral (traditional) cause of illness predicted better attendance at clinic.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The impact of maternal perceptions and medical severity on the adjustment of children with congenital heart disease.

Hypothesized that maternal perceptions would be more significant predictors of emotional adjustment than medical severity. Mothers of 99 children, between the ages 4-10 years, completed the Child Behavior Checklist, Parenting Stress Index, Parental Locus of Control Scale, and a measure of perception of medical severity. Assessed medical severity by number of hospitalizations, operations, catheterizations, hospital days, outpatient visits, and a cardiologist's rating of illness severity. Maternal perceptions were potent predictors of emotional adjustment. Approximately 33% of the variability in adjustment was accounted for by maternal perceptions, while the medical severity accounted for less than 3% of the variability. Severity of illness appears less critical to successful adaptation than the quality of the mother-child relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Daily diaries of respiratory symptoms and air pollution: methodological issues and results.

Daily diaries of respiratory symptoms are a powerful technique for detecting acute effects of air pollution exposure. While conceptually simple, these diary studies can be difficult to analyze. The daily symptom rates are highly correlated, even after adjustment for covariates, and this lack of independence must be considered in the analysis. Possible approaches include the use of incidence instead of prevalence rates and autoregressive models. Heterogeneity among subjects also induces dependencies in the data. These can be addressed by stratification and by two-stage models such as those developed by Korn and Whittemore. These approaches have been applied to two data sets: a cohort of school children participating in the Harvard Six Cities Study and a cohort of student nurses in Los Angeles. Both data sets provide evidence of autocorrelation and heterogeneity. Controlling for autocorrelation corrects the precision estimates, and because diary data are usually positively autocorrelated, this leads to larger variance estimates. Controlling for heterogeneity among subjects appears to increase the effect sizes for air pollution exposure. Preliminary results indicate associations between sulfur dioxide and cough incidence in children and between nitrogen dioxide and phlegm incidence in student nurses.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1991

Perceptions of medical compliance in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

One hundred patients aged 5 through 20 years with cystic fibrosis, their parents, and their physicians were interviewed to assess patients' perceptions of compliance with prescribed treatments. Measures included self-administered questionnaires and the Medical Compliance Incomplete Stories Test. It was hypothesized that age-related differences in perceived compliance would be found and that such perceptions would vary as a function of four sociobehavioral factors (perceived severity of illness, optimism, level of independence in medical therapy, and degree of knowledge/understanding of illness). In addition, it was anticipated that the relationships between perceived compliance and the sociobehavioral factors would vary with age. Support for each hypothesis was found. Perceived compliance was related to age, with younger children showing greater perceived compliance to the medication regimen. Better perceived compliance was found to be associated with higher levels of optimism and child knowledge of the disease. Age differences in relationships between perceived compliance and optimism and child knowledge were found. Developmental implications for practice and future research are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of coke oven emissions exposure among coking workers.

Coking workers are regularly exposed to coke oven emissions, which consist primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. This study measured the workers' exposure to the benzene soluble fraction of total particulates (BSF). The study population consisted of 88 coking workers as an exposure group and 59 referents. Personal breathing-zone samples of BSF and total particulates were taken from all study subjects for 3 consecutive days. The highest BSF concentrations were found among the topside oven workers (geometric mean; range) (microgram/m3): lidman (515; 72-18, 181), tar chaser (432; 51-4334), and larry car operator (185; 55-649). The lowest was 7 micrograms/m3 in the referents. Among the samples at the topside oven 84% exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard (150 micrograms/m3 BSF). The percentage of BSF in total particulates varied across job classifications, ranging from 0.3% in wharfmen to 24% in tar chasers. Area sampling indicated that the BSF concentration at the topside area was sixtyfold higher than that at the administrative area, which was approximately 2 km from the coke oven plant.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Processing of rapid auditory stimuli in school-age children referred for evaluation of learning disorders.

Tallal hypothesized that reading disabled children have a domain-general deficit in processing rapidly occurring auditory stimuli that degrades speech perception, thereby limiting phonologic awareness and thus reading acquisition. She predicted they would be disproportionately affected by rapidly presented auditory stimuli. In this study, one hundred 7- to 11-year-old children with learning impairment (LI) and 243 non-learning impaired (NLI) children were evaluated on a two-tone auditory discrimination paradigm. LI committed more errors, but effects of timing were comparable. The same result was obtained for a subsample of good and poor readers. Task performance predicted reading, spelling, and calculation. Neural processes underlying perception of speech and other auditory stimuli may be less effective in poor readers; however, contrary to Tallal's hypothesis, rate may not be specifically affected.

Achievement↗