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Biomedical subjects

D W Day

Publications and source records attributed to D W Day.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Patterns of colonisation of Campylobacter pylori in the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.

Thirty five subjects underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and multiple biopsy (30 patients, five normal subjects). A total of 11 biopsies per subject from four sites (oesophagus (three), gastric body (two), antrum (three), duodenum (three] were examined for inflammation and the presence of Campylobacter pylori and using standard methods of culture and by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). The organism was cultured from oesophageal biopsies in eight of 30 (27%) patients but could not be identified at this site by LM or EM. There was evidence of oesophageal inflammation in 20 patients which was associated with the local finding of C pylori in five (25%) including two of seven (29%) with Barrett's mucosa. Antral C pylori was present in 22 of 23 (96%) patients with chronic active gastritis. The organism was found in the antrum and oesophagus in four of 22 patients (18%), in the antrum and duodenum in four of 22 patients (18%) and in all three sites in a further two of 22 patients (9%). Antral C pylori was found in five of six patients with peptic ulceration. C pylori was cultured from the duodenum in six patients with confirmation by LN and EM in three, but only on areas of gastric metaplasia. The organism was not found in the normal group. This study indicates that C pylori may be irregularly isolated from the oesophagus and duodenum in patients with antral C pylori and chronic active gastritis. The role of C pylori in the oesophagus is most likely that of a commensal or contaminant.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Direct chromosome analysis from neonatal cord blood.

Direct chromosome preparations of neonatal cord blood provides the unique opportunity for rapid chromosome analysis (turnaround time; 6 hr), without the necessity of bone marrow aspiration. Based on 42 samples we confirm the finding of Garnham and Sutherland [1987] for suitability of cord blood for direct chromosome preparation. Procedural modifications are provided for higher yield of cells for chromosome analysis. The procedure may well be of major significance for rapid diagnosis of neonates who suffer from aneusomy.

Azure Stains↗
PubMed1988

DNA aneuploidy and cell proliferation in familial adenomatous polyposis.

Two hundred and thirteen samples from 20 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were investigated by flow cytometry and the results compared with 100 sporadic adenomas. Eleven of the 20 (55%) yielded one or more DNA aneuploid samples with an overall incidence within FAP adenomas of 12%. Despite a similar level of DNA aneuploidy in sporadic adenomas, it was commonly detected at a smaller polyp size. The degree of cell proliferation was found to be similar in the two groups (median %S+G2 15.8% v 16.4%) but larger FAP adenomas demonstrated a higher level of cell proliferation than smaller adenomas. DNA aneuploidy had no value as a predictor of a synchronous carcinoma and appeared to be an early change in the development of carcinoma in these patients.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1987

Changes in the hepatic perfusion index during the growth and development of experimental hepatic micrometastases.

Micrometastases were induced in Fisher rats using an intraportal inoculation of 0.2 ml of 8 x 10(7) Walker carcinosarcoma cells. A control group received normal saline. The hepatic perfusion index (HPI) was measured during the growth and development of micrometastases. The HPI at 4 days (0.51 +/- 0.008) and at 6 days (0.65 +/- 0.16) was significantly raised when compared to controls (0.31 +/- 0.07) and at 2 days after inoculation (0.31 +/- 0.06). Hepatic artery flow did not change throughout the study period. However, portal venous inflow was decreased significantly at 4 and 6 days (0.57 +/- 0.16 and 0.55 +/- 0.11) when compared to controls (0.96 +/- 0.34). These results indicate that the change in the hepatic perfusion index is related to a decrease in portal venous inflow. The decrease in portal venous inflow could be a mechanical effect of the micrometastases on intrahepatic blood flow or to increased arteriovenous shunting.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Subnuclear vacuolated mucous cells: a novel abnormality of simple mucin-secreting cells of non-specialized gastric mucosa and Brunner's glands.

We report a novel abnormality affecting simple mucin-secreting cells of the glands of pyloric gastric mucosa and of Brunner's glands. Subnuclear vacuolated mucous cells show a distinctive appearance on haematoxylin and eosin staining. They are columnar cells of similar size to simple mucin-secreting cells, but have a central nucleus beneath which the cytoplasm has a uniform glassy eosinophilic appearance or contains a clear area. Subnuclear vacuolated mucous cells are found focally lining the lower third of pyloric gastric glands or in Brunner's glands, and may be mistaken for a form of metaplasia. Histochemically, the apical portion of the cell stains for neutral mucin, but the basal portion stains only weakly and variably for protein. Electron microscopy reveals that the basal portion consists of a large, single, membrane-bound vacuole, variably indented by the nucleus, and probably derived from either endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. The vacuole contains granular material which varies in electron density from cell to cell. The apical portion of the cell contains organelles similar to simple mucin-secreting cells. These appearances are highly suggestive of an abnormal accumulation of non-glycoconjugated mucus core protein. Although the cause of this is unknown, it was associated with the histological changes of chronic gastritis in 10 of our 12 cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

An investigation of possible risk factors associated with gastric cancer after benign ulcer operations.

The risk of developing gastric cancer has been investigated in a case-control study and in a prospective investigation. In the case-control study, 1495 cases of gastric cancer were identified in five city hospitals and matched with autopsy controls from the same hospitals. The frequency of operations for benign ulcer [partial gastrectomy (PG) and gastroenterostomy] was similar in the two groups. Thus, there was no increased risk for late gastric cancer after an ulcer operation. A total of 140 operated ulcer subjects [80 truncal vagotomy and drainage (TVD), 60 PG and 78 nonoperated cases attending with dyspepsia (C)] were examined by endoscopy, multiple gastric biopsy and analysis of gastric juice for nitrite. Biopsies were graded for gastritis and a gastritis index was derived (normal, 1; superficial gastritis, 2; chronic atrophic gastritis: mild, 3; moderate, 4; severe, 5). More atrophic gastritis was found in operated subjects than in controls: TVD, 2.3 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SE); PG, 2.6 +/- 0.1 versus C, 1.8 +/- 0.08, p less than 0.01. The severity of atrophic gastritis increased after an operation interval of 20 years in PG subjects (p less than 0.05). Intestinal metaplasia was a common change, but unequivocal epithelial dysplasia was not observed. Two cases of operated stomach cancer were found. High levels of nitrite were positively correlated with pH and a high gastritis index. This evidence does not suggest that ulcer surgery leads to either an increased risk of cancer or a precancerous condition.

Gastrectomy↗
PubMed1986

Large-cell intestinal lymphoma occurring in coeliac disease: morphological and immunohistochemical features.

Histological material was studied in five unselected cases of intestinal large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, occurring in patients either with previously diagnosed coeliac disease, or with atrophic mucosa at the time of diagnosis. The morphological diagnosis in each case was centroblastic lymphoma: these tumours were composed of large cells with pale nuclei and prominent nucleoli. No phagocytosis was evident, but some cells showed considerable pleomorphism. Polykaryotic giant cells were infrequent. Immunohistochemical staining for lysozyme, alpha-1-anti-trypsin and alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin failed to demonstrate any of these proteins in the tumour cells, although they were identified in accompanying reactive macrophages. There is thus no evidence for a histiocytic nature in these five cases. The tumours were immunoglobulin-negative. Again, polyclonal immunoglobulin could be demonstrated in reactive (plasma) cells in and near the tumour. The relevance of these immunological markers is discussed. We suggest that these tumours, and possibly some of those reported in a similar situation by other investigators, are in fact lymphocytic in origin. They are probably examples of centroblastic lymphoma, although T-cell lymphoma, rare in the gastrointestinal tract, cannot be ruled out by our immunohistological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Histological and histochemical changes in the columnar lined (Barrett's) oesophagus.

Multiple endoscopic specimens were obtained from 58 patients with a columnar lined gesophagus to study the histological and histochemical features of this metaplastic epithelium. Five patients (8.6%) had presented with a primary oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Three different epithelial types, junctional, atrophic fundic and intestinal were identified. Twenty two (38%) patients had just one type of epithelium present, the other 36 (62%) having a combination of two or three different types. Intestinal type of epithelium, either alone or in combination with gastric type epithelium was present in 48 (83%) patients. In every case this intestinal type epithelium took the form of an incompletely differentiated variant of intestinal metaplasia, although complete intestinal metaplasia as a focal change was also present in 14 of these patients. Histochemically, sulphomucins were present in the biopsies of 43 (74%) of the patients studied. They were seen in both goblet and columnar mucous cells with almost equal frequency. Incomplete intestinal metaplasia with sulphomucin production was present in four of the five patients with an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. In the columnar lined oesophagus sulphomucin production is common and its presence does not help to identify those individuals at particular risk of developing an adenocarcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of somatostatin on hepatic haemodynamics in the cirrhotic rat.

Reports on the effects of somatostatin on hepatic haemodynamics in the cirrhotic patient have provided conflicting results. Therefore, we studied the effects of different modes and rates of somatostatin administration on hepatic haemodynamics in the cirrhotic rat. Portal pressure (PP), wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP), portal venous flow (PVF), liver blood flow (LBF) and systemic blood pressure were measured in rats with dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis. Somatostatin was administered as a rapid injection, a continuous infusion or as a bolus dose followed by a constant infusion. One group of rats with a previously constructed portacaval shunt received a bolus dose of somatostatin followed by a constant infusion. A rapid injection of somatostatin was attended by a rapid and significant fall in all the haemodynamic parameters measured (p less than 0.01). Continuous infusion of somatostatin [4 or 8 micrograms/kg body weight (BW) h] resulted in a gradual but significant reduction in PP, WHVP, PVF and LBF (p less than 0.05), but had no effect on systemic blood pressure. A bolus dose of somatostatin (2, 4 or 8 micrograms/kg BW over 2 min) resulted in a rapid decrease in PP, WHVP, PVF and LBF (p less than 0.01), the decreases being maintained by continuous infusion. In rats with a portacaval shunt a bolus dose of somatostatin (8 micrograms/kg BW) resulted in a rapid fall in WHVP and LBF, the decrease being maintained by a continuous infusion (8 micrograms/kg BW/h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of somatostatin and a long-acting somatostatin analogue on the prevention and treatment of experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in the rat.

The effects of somatostatin (SRIF) and its long-acting analogue, SMS 201-995 on the prevention and treatment of acute pancreatitis were studied in rats. Acute pancreatitis was established by ligating the bile duct at the point of entry into the duodenum, thereby allowing reflux of bile into the pancreas. Administration of SRIF (4 micrograms kg-1 body wt IV followed by a 12 h infusion of 4 micrograms kg-1 body wt h-1) or SMS 201-995 (2 micrograms kg-1 body wt SC) at the time of bile duct ligation prevented the increase in the serum concentrations of amylase and lipase observed in control rats 12 h after bile duct ligation. Moreover, SRIF and SMS 201-995 administration prevented development of the histological changes consistent with acute pancreatitis observed in control animals. These results suggest that SRIF or SMS 201-995 may be of value in preventing acute pancreatitis following ERCP or after surgery on the pancreas. In rats with established pancreatitis, SRIF (IV bolus of 4 micrograms kg-1 body wt followed by a 24 h continuous infusion of 4 micrograms kg-1 body wt h-1) or SMS 201-995 (2 micrograms kg-1 body wt SC followed by a similar dose 12 h later): (1) significantly improved survival; (2) produced histological changes in the pancreas consistent with organization and healing; (3) prevented the accumulation of ascitic fluid; (4) reduced the serum levels of amylase and lipase. These results suggest that SRIF and SMS 201-995 may prove valuable in the treatment of established acute pancreatitis in man.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Effects of a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on hepatic and splenic reticulo-endothelial function in the rat.

The effects of a long acting somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, on reticulo-endothelial system (RES) activity were studied in rats. Administration of 2 micrograms SMS 201-995 subcutaneously twice a day for 7 days significantly increased the splenic and hepatic uptake of 99mTc-sulphur colloid and damaged 51mCr-red blood cells. Furthermore, SMS 201-995 administration significantly increased the plasma clearance of colloidal carbon as indicated by a lower area under the curve and an increased elimination constant. SMS 201-995 administration also significantly improved survival after intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin. These results suggest that SMS 201-995 stimulates RES activity in rats. It is suggested that SMS 201-995 may be of value in stimulating RES activity in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of vasopressin on hepatic haemodynamics in the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rat.

Liver blood flow (xenon-133 clearance method) and portal venous flow were measured in cirrhotic and non cirrhotic rats following the infusion of vasopressin at varying rates. At low rates of infusion, vasopressin had no significant effect on portal venous flow or liver blood flow in cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic rats. Infusion of vasopressin at a rate of 0.08 microU/g body wt/min in non-cirrhotic rats and 0.04 and 0.08 microU/g body wt/min in cirrhotic rats decreased portal venous flow and increased liver blood flow. At higher rates of infusion (0.2 microU/g body wt/min in non-cirrhotic rats and 0.16 microU/g body wt/min in cirrhotic rats) these effects were reversed. Furthermore, an infusion of 0.08 microU/g body wt/min vasopressin significantly reduced portal pressure in the cirrhotic rat. However, portal pressure was not significantly altered following an infusion of 0.16 microU/g body wt vasopressin. The implications of these findings in relation to the possible deleterious effects of high rates of vasopressin infusion in the management of portal hypertension and bleeding oesophageal varices is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A dimethylnitrosamine-induced model of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in the rat.

A method of producing cirrhosis consistently in rats by the administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) is described. Two weeks following the cessation of DMNA treatment there was distortion of the lobular architecture of the liver and some focal nodule formation. This 'pre-cirrhotic' state was accompanied by portal hypertension, biochemical abnormalities and the development of ascites. The mortality 2 weeks after cessation of DMNA was 42%. Twenty-four weeks after DMNA treatment cirrhosis had developed with diffuse nodularity and fibrosis, marked portal hypertension, and accumulation of ascites. There was also a deterioration in liver function, with hypoproteinaemia and jaundice. The overall mortality 24 weeks after the cessation of DMNA treatment had risen to 52%. This model of cirrhosis in the rat may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of drugs in the long-term management of portal hypertension in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Arteritis and venulitis in systemic lupus erythematosus resulting in massive lower intestinal haemorrhage.

A case of systemic lupus erythematosus with massive haemorrhage from the colon is described. Histological examination showed ulceration of the mucosa of the ascending colon with necrotizing vasculitis of the submucosal veins. Adjacent arteries were normal apart from one which had ruptured on the surface of an ulcer. This is the first clearly documented case of colonic venulitis in systemic lupus erythematosus and the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in this disease is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Intestinal metaplasia in endoscopic biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa.

A total of 1412 consecutive cases of endoscopic gastric biopsy, carried out over a four year period, were reviewed and specimens were examined histochemically to determine the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia and its variants. Three types were characterised: complete intestinal metaplasia and two classes of incomplete intestinal metaplasia (type IIa and type IIb) depending on the absence or presence, respectively, of sulphomucins within mucin secreting columnar cells. Type IIb intestinal metaplasia was significantly more common in patients with gastric carcinoma (p less than 0.001) and in those with dysplasia (p less than 0.001) than in patients with benign gastric pathology. No such association was found with either type I or type IIa intestinal metaplasia. In addition to those present in the columnar cells of type IIb intestinal metaplasia, sulphomucins were also commonly found in goblet cells of all three types of metaplasia. The presence of sulphomucins in goblet cells, however, was not significantly associated with gastric carcinoma or dysplasia. The significance of the different types of intestinal metaplasia in relation to the pathological findings is discussed.

Aged↗