Methodological issues in research on smoking prevention.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
D V Ary
Publications and source records attributed to D V Ary.
Chewing tobacco use by adolescents: prevalence and relation to cigarette smoking.
The prevalence of teenage smokeless tobacco use and its relation to cigarette smoking was studied. Nine percent of 7th grade boys and 20% of 9th and 10th grade boys reported daily use. There was very little regular chewing among girls although about 20% reported having tried it. There was a strong association between smoking and chewing among 7th graders but only a weak association among 9th and 10th graders. Boys who chew tended to have friends who chew and/or smoke. The data suggested that chewing is affected by peer social influence processes in a manner similar to smoking.
Adolescent↗
Sampling bias due to consent procedures with adolescents.
Positive consent was solicited from parents of 604 seventh grade students in four middle schools. Three hundred and fifty eight (59%) returned consents and completed a questionnaire under " bogus pipeline" conditions with saliva and air samples. Two weeks later both students with consent and those without were administered a second questionnaire without physiological measures. Comparison between consent and nonconsent students show significant differences in the smoking of cigarettes and marijuana, but no difference in the use of alcohol. Additional significant differences were found in exposure to smoking models, and level of education of both parents. The bias shown on significant dependent variables may adversely effect the generalizability of results of studies of adolescent drug use that depend upon positive parental consent.
Adolescent↗
Results of a year-long incentives-based worksite smoking-cessation program.
This study evaluated the impact of a year-long incentives-based worksite smoking-cessation program. Nineteen moderate-sized worksites, employing a total of approximately 1100 smokers, were randomized to Incentive or No Incentive conditions. All identified smokers in the worksite were considered as subjects, whether or not they participated in the intervention. Analyses were conducted at both the worksite and individual level, and using both self-reported and biochemically validated cessation as endpoints. The incentive program did not significantly improve cessation rates at either the 1-year or 2-year follow-up assessments. We conclude that more broadly focused interventions that also address worksite smoking policies, skills training, and cessation resources, or programs that target additional risk factors are needed to substantially enhance quit rates.
Academies and Institutes↗
Patient perspective on factors contributing to nonadherence to diabetes regimen.
This study assessed levels of regimen adherence and reasons for nonadherence to different aspects of diabetes regimen for persons with type I (insulin-dependent, N = 24) and type II (non-insulin-dependent, N = 184) diabetes. Standardized questions revealed few differences between type I and type II participants on either levels of reported adherence or reasons for nonadherence. Subjects reported adhering least well to dietary and physical activity components of the regimen. Open-ended questions revealed that the most common reasons for dietary nonadherence were the situational factors of eating out at restaurants and inappropriate food offers from others. In contrast, negative physical reactions were the most frequently reported reasons for exercise nonadherence. The implications of these findings for diabetes education are discussed.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
Psychosocial predictors of self-care behaviors (compliance) and glycemic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
This study assessed potential psychosocial correlates of self-care behaviors (compliance) and of glycemic control in a community sample of 184 people diagnosed as having non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Four different diabetes self-care behaviors were studied (medication taking, glucose testing, diet, and exercise), and glycemic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin analyses. Multiple measures were collected within each of several categories of psychosocial variables including knowledge, stress, depression, anxiety, diabetes-specific health beliefs, and social support. Findings indicate that approximately 25% of the variance in self-care behaviors can be explained by psychosocial and demographic variables. In contrast, psychosocial variables were not significant predictors of level of glycemic control. The diabetes-specific psychosocial measures of health beliefs and social support were the most consistent and strongest predictors of self-care behavior across the different regimen areas studied. Possible reasons for these findings, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed.
Adult↗