Professor Cathcart's military physiology and nutrition.
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History, 20th Century↗
Biomedical subjects
D Smith
Publications and source records attributed to D Smith.
Provision and maintenance of micro-organisms for industry and international research networks.
Biological Resource Centres of preserved micro-organisms provide important biological resources for industry, agriculture and research. The development of cryopreservation methods has enabled the stocks of organisms to be maintained in a stable form free from the hazards of contamination, genetic variation and laboratory accidents. Resource centres can therefore offer reliable and reproducible sources of particular micro-organisms and groups working on biodiversity have methods available to carry out in vitro biological conservation. Nevertheless, some micro-organisms remain recalcitrant to standard cryopreservation methods and new developments in cryopreservation techniques are needed to provide the necessary methodologies for reliable preservation of some important micro-organisms.
Animals↗
Developing cryopreservation protocols to secure fungal gene function.
Protocols that involve a freezing process are frequently used for the preservation of fungi, but there have been few studies to assess the physiological and genetic stability of isolates after preservation. In this study, the effects of cryopreservation and lyophilisation on the viability, physiology and genetic stability of isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, Fusarium oxysporum and Serpula lacrymans were examined. It was found that preservation regime influenced the characters of some of the test isolates. Secondary metabolite profiles and extracellular enzyme production can be affected by preservation. Polymorphism's were detected after PCR fingerprinting in replicates of 2 isolates of Metarhizium that had been preserved by cryopreservation and lyophilisation. The results indicated a need to improve existing preservation protocols. Research is being undertaken to develop novel cryopreservation regimes for recalcitrant micro-organisms. Biochemical and molecular techniques will be used to assess the effectiveness of preservation.
Cell Survival↗
We must never forget what nursing is about.
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Humans↗
Simply breathtaking.
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Pediatric management problems. Amenorrhea.
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Adolescent↗
The education of the occupational health nurse.
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Canada↗
Living with chronic pediatric liver disease: the parents' experience.
Parents' perceptions of living with a child with serious, chronic liver disease were explored using a qualitative methodology. Six central themes emerged from interview transcriptions: beginning, sense of inadequacy and guilt, pain and stress, lack of control, taking control, developing a personal philosophy, and uncertainty and fear of the future.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effects of aging and cytokine blockade on inflammatory cachexia.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of aging and specific cytokine blockade in the etiology of cachexia caused by adjuvant arthritis (AA), a model of cytokine-associated cachexia. METHODS: AA was induced in Lewis rats using CFA. In Experiment 1, severity of AA and inflammatory cachexia was assessed in young (Y, age 2-6 months, n = 132) and old rats (O, age 18-22 months, n = 40). In Experiment 2, young rats were divided into 5 different intervention groups: Saline-injected (n = 66); CFA-injected (n = 78); CFA-injected and treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, n = 18); CFA-injected and treated with soluble TNF receptor type I (sTNFrI, n = 27); and CFA-injected and treated with both IL-1Ra and sTNFrI (both treatments, n = 8). RESULTS: In Experiment 1, young Lewis rats developed more severe arthritis (mean joint score on day 21 = 5.1 +/- 0.3) compared to the old group (0.6 +/- 0.6, p < 0.0001). The young group with AA lost 2.1% of baseline total body weight loss compared to 13.8% total body weight gain in controls (p < 0.0001). In contrast, old rats injected with CFA lost as much weight (-11%) as age-matched saline injected controls (-13%, p > 0.05, n = 18, age 18-22 months). In Experiment 2, mean joint scores in rats treated with IL-1Ra, sTNFrI or both were higher then untreated rats injected with CFA (p < 0.0001). Despite this, rats given both IL-1Ra and sTNFrI lost less weight on day 16 (p < 0.01) and 21 (p < 0.002) than untreated rats or those rats treated with either IL-1Ra or sTNFrI. CONCLUSION: Lewis rats aged 2-6 months are more susceptible to developing AA than older rats (age range 18-22 months). Inhibition of both IL-1 and TNF is needed to mitigate AA-associated weight loss, and this effect is dissociated from the effect of such inhibition on joint inflammation.
Aging↗
The absence of hearing loss in otologically asymptomatic recreational scuba divers.
We undertook a retrospective cohort study of 16 experienced recreational scuba divers and 16 matched non-diver controls to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and, if present, the likely causes of this loss. Each subject was required to be aged 55 years or less and to have no history or likelihood of hearing loss. An audiologist, blinded to each subject's group status, undertook all examinations. There were no significant differences in group demographics. All divers were highly experienced (median number of dives 725). Comparison of mean hearing thresholds (range 250-8000 Hz) revealed no significant differences between divers and non-divers for both air and bone conduction studies. The only exception was at 6000 Hz where the air conduction threshold was significantly higher in divers than in non-divers (p = 0.03). However, there were no significant differences in Pure Tone and High Frequency averages. We conclude that experienced recreational scuba divers do not have elevated hearing threshold levels overall when compared to non-diver controls. This conclusion differs from that of investigators who have examined the hearing of experienced professional divers. Further investigation is indicated to further investigate this discrepancy and to determine whether the apparent hearing loss among the divers at 6000Hz was an isolated departure from normal hearing thresholds or, in fact, the result of diving.
Adult↗
Determination of optically active thiopental, thiamylal, and their metabolites in human urine.
Methods involving solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography have been developed for quantitative determination of certain thiobarbiturates and their major metabolites in urine. The structures of the metabolites identified were confirmed by the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The present analytic methods were applied to the quantitative determination of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-thiopental as well as (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-thiamylal and their major metabolites excreted in human urine. Minor metabolites were isolated and identified.
Chromatography, Gas↗
A pharmacokinetic model for isosorbidedinitrate, isosorbide-2-mononitrate, and isosorbide-5-mononitrate.
A pharmacokinetic model is proposed to describe the plasma levels of isosorbidedinitrate (ISDN) and its two pharmacologically active metabolites, isosorbide-2-mononitrate (IS-2MN) and isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5MN), following the oral administration of several 20-mg sustained release formulations of ISDN. Absorption of ISDN from the gastrointestinal tract appears first-order. A three compartment model is used to describe ISDN systemic plasma levels with t1/2 alpha = 7 min, t1/2 beta = 48 min and t1/2 gamma = 7.5 hr. The long t1/2 gamma is due to the slow release of ISDN from a peripheral compartment. ISDN undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism to IS-2MN and IS-5MN. The metabolic pathways appear to be close to saturation at an ISDN dose of 20 mg. Both IS-2MN and IS-5MN systemic plasma levels can be described by one compartment models with first-order elimination (respective elimination half-lives are 1.9 and 5.1 hr). The central compartment volumes of distribution for ISDN, IS-2MN and IS-5MN (116, 57, and 38 liters, respectively) are in agreement with reported literature values. This model is of particular usefulness as a formulation tool in designing sustained release ISDN formulations of the type investigated here since the observed first-order absorption rate constant correlates well with the in vitro first-order dissolution rate constant. Therefore, for these formulations, plasma levels can be simulated using data generated from in vitro dissolution studies, thus obviating the need for multiple human bioavailability studies.
Adult↗
Uniforms: worn out.
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Treatment of head lice and scabies infestations in children.
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Child↗
Premedical students as patient and family liaisons in the emergency department: a strategy for patient satisfaction.
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Community-Institutional Relations↗