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Biomedical subjects

D Smith

Publications and source records attributed to D Smith.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

Effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in patients with stable "fixed" airway obstruction.

We studied the effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in ten patients with moderate to severe nonreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as a FEV1/FVC ratio below 60%, and less than 15% improvement in FEV1 and FVC after both one-time administration of inhaled metaproterenol and a 10-day therapeutic trial with oral theophylline, inhaled metaproterenol, and oral prednisone. After baseline evaluation, on two separate days all selected patients had spirometry and a self-paced 12-min treadmill walking test performed (in double-blind crossover fashion) before and after random administration of five puffs of inhaled metaproterenol or placebo. A few weeks later, testing was repeated single-blind before and after inhaled metaproterenol, but this time the 12-min walk was done in an enclosed hall. Pretreatment spirometry values were similar on all study days, and none of the subjects had a significant change (greater than 15% from baseline) in FEV1 or FVC after the administration of placebo or metaproterenol. The postmetaproterenol treadmill and hall walking distances improved by a mean (+/- SD) of 112 +/- 56 m (p less than 0.001) and 82 +/- 46 m (p less than 0.01), respectively. Individual improvements in exercise performance did not correlate with the corresponding changes in FEV1 or FVC, or with the baseline DLCO measurement. We conclude that an objective improvement in physical performance after administration of a relatively high dose of inhaled metaproterenol can be seen in some patients with moderate to severe "fixed" airway obstruction, despite a lack of significant response as judged by conventional spirometry criteria.

Administration, Inhalation↗

An enhanced chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serum oestradiol.

Oestradiol in serum was determined with a simple enhanced chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. The assay is based on oestradiol labelled with horseradish peroxidase and the IgG fraction of an oestradiol antiserum coated on a black polystyrene microtitre plate. The enzyme activity of bound label was determined using a p-hydroxycinnamic acid-enhanced chemiluminescent reaction. The assay was sensitive (1.8 fmol/well), precise (intra- and inter-assay CV 4-10% and 8-12%, respectively for sample concentration in the range 122-1330 pmol/L) and showed good agreement with conventional radioimmunoassays (r = 0.99).

Buffers↗

Phase II study of iproplatin in advanced ovarian carcinoma.

Iproplatin (cis-dichloro-trans dihydroxy-bis-isopropyl-amine platinum [IV]; CHIP) was administered intravenously (IV) at monthly intervals at doses of 300 mg/m2 and 240 mg/m2 to ten previously untreated and 97 previously treated patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. The overall response rate was 78% among patients with no prior chemotherapy, 42% among patients with prior chemotherapy not including cisplatin, and 22% among patients with prior chemotherapy including cisplatin. Overall response rates to iproplatin were 6.4% and 54% in patients with/without clinical evidence of tumor resistance to cisplatin. Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity, median time to nadir and to recovery being 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Patients who had received prior chemotherapy regimens for greater than 1 year showed a 10% greater reduction in platelet count (mean platelet nadir +/- SD, 57.5 +/- 49.96 X 10(3)/microL) and a higher incidence of grade 3 to 4 thrombocytopenia after the first cycle than patients who had received prior chemotherapy regimens for less than 1 year (94.7 +/- 65.99 X 10(3)/microL) Moderate to severe vomiting and diarrhea occurred in 84% and 16% of patients pretreated with chemotherapy. Neuropathy (6%) was reported only in patients with prior cisplatin treatment. Mild and reversible renal toxicity was observed in 6% of cases. Iproplatin is an active drug in ovarian cancer; the results achieved in patients previously treated with cisplatin strongly suggest that the two drugs are cross-resistant.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

Acute postbronchodilator changes in pulmonary function parameters in patients with chronic airways obstruction.

Pulmonary function studies were performed before and after one-time administration of an inhaled bronchodilator to ascertain the relative diagnostic value of using FVC, FEF25-75%, static lung volumes, Raw, and/or sGaw measurements, in addition to the FEV1, to assess the reversibility of chronic airways obstruction in nonasthmatic patients. A total of 517 patients underwent 686 spirometric tests, 264 (38 percent) of which disclosed a significant response to bronchodilators. In 247 (93 percent) studies, this response included a significant change in FEV1 and/or FEF25-75%, while in 17 studies (7 percent), the postbronchodilator improvement was seen exclusively in the FVC measurement. It is concluded that, in the clinical setting, analyzing static lung volumes, Raw, sGaw, and spirometric parameters other than the FEV1, seldom yields meaningful additional information regarding the reversibility of chronic airways obstruction in nonasthmatic patients. Finally, potentially misleading results can be seen in a relatively small proportion of studies due to errors in the FVC and/or FEF25-75% measurements.

Adolescent↗

Splanchnic amino acid and glucose metabolism during amino acid infusion in dogs.

With the organ-balance technique, we studied amino acid and glucose metabolism by hepatic and extrahepatic splanchnic tissues in awake dogs in the postabsorptive state and during a 3-h intravenous amino acid infusion. Dogs received a high (1.4 g/kg body wt, n = 5) or low (0.7 g/kg body wt, n = 8) dose of amino acids. In four of the latter dogs, the dose was delivered into a mesenteric vein. During the basal period there was a net removal of gluconeogenic amino acids (particularly alanine), but not branched-chain amino acids, and a net production of glucose by the liver in all dogs. During this time there was a net removal of glucose and production of alanine by the extrahepatic splanchnic tissues. During either high- or low-dose amino acid infusion, net hepatic glucose release increased; despite this, arterial plasma glucose declined due to an increase in tissue glucose uptake at extrasplanchnic sites. The net amount of glucogenic amino acids removed by the liver during high-dose (9.1 +/- 1.0 mmol.kg-1.3 h-1) and low-dose (4.8 +/- 0.6 mmol.kg-1.3 h-1) infusion equaled or exceeded the infused load of these amino acids. In addition, the liver contributed to the net disposal of branched-chain amino acids during high-dose (536 +/- 147 mumol.kg-1.3 h-1) and low-dose (341 +/- 70 mumol.kg-1.3 h-1) infusion. During high-dose infusion, extrahepatic splanchnic tissues participated in the net removal of branched-chain amino acids (436 +/- 162 mumol.kg-1.3 h-1) but not glucogenic amino acids, and net alanine production continued (410 +/- 91 mumol.kg-1.3 h-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗

Salvage of infected or failed below-knee amputations with total contact casting and continued weight bearing.

Ten patients with infected or apparently failing below-knee amputations were treated with total contact casting and continued weight bearing ambulation with a commercially available temporary prosthesis. Amputation was performed for peripheral vascular insufficiency in all patients. Seven of the patients were diabetic, five being insulin dependent. All ten were treated as outpatients and proceeded to heal their wounds and continued to function as independent community ambulators during treatment. None of the patients required surgical revision and each was successfully fit with a permanent below-knee prosthesis.

Aged↗

Tax laws and employee benefits: beware of the beast within.

On Jan. 1, 1989, all health and life insurance plans must pass new qualification and discrimination tests as a result of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Until now, most hospitals have not reviewed their plans because they believed it to be too early. However, many of the basic requirements are known today, and it is clear that the new tests will require detailed information not currently maintained. A possibility exists that employers will not have time to comply with the law if data collection is not begun now. And to ignore or be unable to comply with the new rules could mean substantial financial penalties.

Data Collection↗

Improving hospital investments using a disciplined approach.

Financial managers can substantially improve their hospital's return on investment. But to ensure an increased return, a disciplined, step-by-step approach to making investment decisions should be used. By understanding liabilities, setting objectives and strategies, and monitoring results, financial managers can be assured that they are making sound business decisions.

Capital Financing↗

Issues to consider when designing a retirement plan.

Between 1982 and 1987, there have been six major tax acts that have greatly affected retirement planning for not-for-profit as well as for-profit healthcare institutions. Many of the retirement plans presently being offered are fast becoming inadequate and ineffective, as the deadline for many of these new tax laws to take affect draws near. As employers begin to understand the implications these tax law changes have, they will need to reevaluate and modify their present retirement plan designs to achieve their original retirement objectives. The second article in this series on retirement plans will continue to examine the issues affecting retirement plans as well as discuss plan funding and a method for examining retirement plan objectives.

Financial Management↗

Retirement plan funding: how has legislation affected it?

Because of the changes in tax laws, accounting guidelines, and economic conditions, the "shelf life" of many retirement plans has expired. Financial managers need to examine the effects these changes have had on retirement plan funding, especially the effects the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 has produced. By using an evaluation method that examines the basic issues involved in retirement plan funding, financial managers can determine whether or not their retirement programs can continue to meet hospital objectives. This is the last article in a series on retirement plans. The first article in this series discussed the issues that affect the design of retirement plans.

Financial Management↗

Micropool procedure for routine donor antibody detection.

Microplate technology was combined with manual sample pooling techniques to determine if advantages associated with each method could he realized in a single test system. Fresh serum and plasma samples collected from routine blood donors and patient samples selected from frozen storage were screened for significant, unexpected antibodies. A total of 94 samples with known antibody specificities were selected for testing. Two micropool techniques, stream-micropool and mix-micropool, were compared to a Pooled-tube method. The stream-micropool method proved superior in overall detection of the antibodies (85%) and in detection of the macroscopically reactive antibodies (96%). Special formulas were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of each micropool method. The sensitivity of the stream-micropool method was 96 percent and that of the mix-micropool, 87 percent. For both methods, specificity and efficiency were >/=99 percent. In a separate study, there was no difference between the use of serum as opposed to plasma. Micropool methods offer a sensitive, easily mastered alternative to manual tube testing techniques for large hatch donor antibody detection.

Journal Article↗

Black Americans' perceptions of cancer. A study utilizing the Health Belief Model.

The purpose of this study was to determine black adults' knowledge and perceptions of cancer by utilizing the Health Belief Model. The subjects were obtained by randomly selecting 11 churches from a list of 33. There were 769 black adults who responded to the survey (64 percent response rate). Mean age of respondents was 44.3 years, SD = 14.7. Only 29 percent were able to correctly identify all seven of the American Cancer Society warning signs; 13 percent were unable to identify any warning signs. One in four believed it was likely they would develop cancer sometime in their life, and 42 percent believed blacks were more susceptible to cancer than whites. Forty-one percent believed most people who get cancer will die from it. Perceived barriers to treatment included cost and pain. A large number of significant differences (P < .01) were found when responses were examined in relation to the sex, educational level, and age of the subjects.

Adult↗

Ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium versus clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis.

Ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium was compared to clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of post-cesarean-section endometritis in 133 evaluable patients. All patients received three 1-g doses of cefazolin for prophylaxis. There was no statistically significant difference in the cure rates between the ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium group (84%) and the clindamycin/gentamicin group (81%). Bacteremia occurred in 21% of the patients, with Mycoplasma the most frequent isolate. Ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium was found to be as efficacious as clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis.

Cefazolin↗

Characteristics of in vitro steroidogenesis in a woman with hyperandrogenism, a granulosa cell tumor and polycystic ovary disease. A case report.

A 20-year-old woman presented with hyperandrogenism presumed to be due to an androgen-secreting granulosa cell tumor. In order to confirm this unusual presentation, short-term tissue culture steroidogenesis of the granulosa cell tumor and contralateral polycystic ovary was performed. Testosterone and androstenedione were produced only by the polycystic ovary, whereas the tumor was producing estradiol and progesterone. The studies of in vitro steroidogenesis prevented an incorrect interpretation of the clinical presentation.

Adult↗

Cytoplasmic enzyme patterns in isolated hamster pulmonary alveolar type II cells.

Three cytoplasmic enzyme patterns were studied in pulmonary alveolar type II cells isolated from normal adult hamster lung: lactate dehydrogenase (total and isoenzymes), peroxidase, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Enzyme patterns of freshly-isolated type II cells were found to be different from those of freshly-isolated pulmonary hamster fibroblasts. After both types of cells had been cultured for seven days, no difference in cytoplasmic enzyme patterns remained. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns for type II cells were different from those obtained from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages. These data may be useful in detecting sources of lung injury by assessment of enzyme patterns in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

The bases of the tRNA anticodon loop are independent by genetic criteria.

We employed two methods to study the translational role of interactions between anticodon loop nucleotides. Starting with a set of previously constructed weakly-suppressing anticodon loop mutants of Su7, we searched for second-site revertants that increase amber suppressor efficiency. Though hundreds of revertants were characterized, no second-site revertants were found in the anticodon loop. Second site reversion was detected in the D-stem, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the search method. As a second method for detecting interactions, we used site-directed mutagenesis to construct multiple mutations in the anticodon loop. These multiple mutants are very weak suppressors and have translational activities that are equal to or lower than that predicted for the independent action of single mutations. We conclude that although the anticodon loop sequence of Su7 has an optimal structure for the translation of amber codons, we find no evidence that interactions between loop bases can enhance translational efficiency.

Anticodon↗