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Biomedical subjects

D S Janowsky

Publications and source records attributed to D S Janowsky.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Methylphenidate hydrochloride effects on psychological tests in acute schizophrenic and nonpsychotic patients.

Actively psychotic schizophrenic and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients received intravenous methylphenidate hydrochlroide (0.5 mg/kg). Each patient was rated for level of psychosis and talkativeness, and each received the Holtzman projective ink blot tests and the Kent-Rosanoff word-association tests before, during, and after methylphenidate infusion. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Goldberg Index scores were also obtained as a general measure of psychosis. For the entire patient group, methylphenidate infusion was followed by a significant increase in talkativeness and psychosis ratings and in pathological responses to the Holtzman ink blot test. There was a significant decrease in common word associations. Since neither of the psychological tests allow more than one response per item, it appears that methylphenidate truly effects pathological thought processes and decreases common word associations as such, rather than merely making these processes more evident by increasing verbalization.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects.

Data reflecting affect, mood, and personality attributes of 23 normal men were compared after two weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium levels (mean, 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Affect and mood were measured by three self-rating instruments, independent rater observation, and by the subjects' "significant others." Two personality inventories were administered. Substantial affect and mood changes are induced by lithium carbonate. Lethargy, dysphoria, a loss of interest in interacting with others and the environment, and a state of increased mental confusion were reported. No generalized effects were found in the responses to ther personality inventories.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects.

The responses of 24 normal male subjects were compared after weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of lithium carbonate administration (mean serum lithium level, 0.9 mEq/liter) on a series of tasks of intellectual function, aesthetic judgement, and semantic creativity. This was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. There were no significant changes on semantic creativity or aesthetic perception measures following lithium carbonate maintenance. There were lithium carbonate-related performance deficits on three of five performance tasks concerned with cognitive and/or motor functions. The deficit is probably due to a lithium carbonate-induced slowing of performance, consistent with our previous report of subjective effects in normal subjects. The implications of slowing on possible behavioral mediating mechanisms by which lithium carbonate exerts its clinical effects are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Lithium carbonate and ethanol induced "highs" in normal subjects.

The responses of twenty-three normal male subjects to a standardized dose of 95% ethanol (1.32 ml/kg of body weight) were compared after two weeks of placebo and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium ion levels (mean 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Prealcohol and postalcohol responses were assessed by self-rating scales of affect and mood, independent rater observation, perceptual-motor, and cognitive performance tasks. Pretreatment by lithium carbonate neither blocked nor dampened an alcohol-induced subjective "high" in normal subjects. A complex reciprocal interaction may exist between the effects of lithium and alcohol upon other behavioral attributes. Alcohol was seen to reverse aspects of lithium-induced dysphoria and there is a suggestion that lithium may attenuate alcohol-induced cognitive inefficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine. Effects on schizophrenic symptoms.

Methylphenidate hydrochloride dextroamphetamine sulfate, and levamfetamine succinate have potential as pharmacologic tools for the indirect evaluation of the role of neurotransmitters in schizophrenia. In actively ill schizophrenic patients, methylphenidate administered intravenously causes a brief but clear intensification of preexisting psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. In our study, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine were administered in equimolar doses to schizophrenic patients. Methylphenidate was a more effective activator of symptoms than dextroamphetamine, which in turn was more effective than levamfetamine. Levodopa (L-dopa) given orally also reportedly produces a temporary worsening of schizophrenic symptoms. While these findings augment a body of information suggesting that dopamine and norepinephrine may play a role in the activation of schizophrenic symptoms, our findings with methylphenidate (reportedly weak in eliciting stereotyped behaviour in rat) and our review of the literature indicate complexities that remain to be resolved. There is some utility of the procedure for differential diagnosis and selective therapy, but this is still of occasional and limited potential.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Marijuana effects on simulated flying ability.

The authors studied the effects of marijuana intoxication on the ability of 10 certified airplane pilots to operate a flight simulator. They used a randomized double-blind crossover design to compare the effect of active versus placebo marijuana. They found that all 10 pilots showed a significant decrease in measurements of flying performance 30 minutes after smoking active marijuana. For a group of 6 pilots tested sequentially for 6 hours, a nonsignificant decrease in flying performance continued for 2 hours after smoking the active drug. The authors conclude that the effects of marijuana on flying performance may represent a sensitive indicator of the drug's psychomotor effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Simulated flying performance after marihuana intoxication.

Ten pilots smoked, in counterbalanced order on a double blind basis, a social dose of marihuana (.09 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and a matched placebo after being trained to fly a specific flight sequence on an ATC-510 flight simulator. In contrast to placebo, marihuana caused a gross decrement in flying performance, with increased prevalence of major errors, minor errors, altitude deviations, heading deviations, and radio navigation errors. These effects of active marihuana persisted for at least 2 hr and generally had disappeared by 4 to 6 hr after marihuana administration.

Aerospace Medicine↗