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D S Chitnis

Publications and source records attributed to D S Chitnis.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Emerging bacterial drug resistance in hospital practice.

The growing multiple drug resistance among bacteria in hospital practice is posing a serious threat to the successful antimicrobial therapy. Our data on the bacterial drug resistance at a tertiary care centre during 1995-1996 has been alarming with an incidence of 73 to 99% resistance to the common antibiotics like ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and first generation cephalosporins among the gram negative isolates. The resistance to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin ranged from 53 to 79%. Resistance to amikacin, netilmicin and the third generation cephalosporins ranged from 30 to 73%. The frightening observation was the emergence of resistant isolates which were sensitive only to two drugs, sensitive only to one drug and resistant to all the available antibiotics (2.64, 17.6 and 11.5% respectively) during 1994 to 1996. Resistance among the gram positive bacteria was much less but the increase in methicillin resistant Staphylococci (52-65%) was a serious matter. The data were an eye opener and the infection control measures could bring marginal improvement in the situation in 1996. It is vehemently appealed that the national antibiotic policies be formed and be stringently implemented before we are thrown back to the pre-antibiotic era.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in central India.

The study group screened for anti-HCV comprised 789 subjects of hepatitis, renal failure, thalassaemia and healthy voluntary blood donors coming from Central India during July 1992 to November 1995. The prevalence of HCV was low (4.85%) among 103 patients of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) while it was higher (25.64%) among 117 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) with the highest rate of 31.57 percent in 57 patients of cirrhosis. The anti-HCV positivity among 101 patients with hepatic failure was around 10 percent. High risk groups such as chronic renal failure (CRF) patients mainly on haemodialysis and thalassaemics receiving multiple blood transfusions showed the prevalence of anti-HCV in 41.9 and 25.45 percent respectively. Only 1.78 percent of the 280 voluntary blood donors showed positivity for anti-HCV. Comparison of the data on HCV in the present study with data from other parts of India showed a wide variation in the different centers. The higher prevalence of HCV among CRF patients and thalassaemics indicates the need for screening of the blood units for anti-HCV before transfusion to these high risk patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Antibiogram study over bacterial isolates from cases of bacteraemias.

During January, 1994 to December, 1994, 703 of the 1778 blood specimen were positive for blood culture and 59.9% of the isolates were of staphylococci. Thirty two percent of the staphylococci were methicillin resistant. Netilmycin showed the lowest in vitro resistance among Gram positive cocci & Klebsiella species. Netilmycin, amikacin, ciprafloxacin and the third generation cephalosporins in general showed greater in vitro sensitivity among gram negative bacilli. The netilmycin had the lowest incidence of drug resistance based on the pooled data over the blood culture.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Immunogenicity of low dose hepatitis B vaccine by the intradermal route & persistence of anti-HBs after three years.

Plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine given intradermally (0.2 ml; 4 micrograms HBsAg) at 0, 1, 6 months to 200 health care workers, produced seroconversion in 97.5 per cent. Antibody levels to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) crossed 1000 mIU/ml in 62 per cent while 26.5 per cent had levels of 100 to 1000 mIU/ml. Anti-HBs levels persisted in the same range in 41.7 per cent but dropped by a log in 58.3 per cent subjects at the end of 3 yr. Protective antibodies above 10 mIU/ml were documented in 93.3 per cent vaccinees after 3 yr. The 0.2 ml vaccine by intradermal (id) route was also found to give a good booster effect in another group of 27 persons who had received full dose vaccine 5 yr earlier. Thus, 0.2 ml vaccine by id route was safe, gave high seroconversion and persistent antibody levels over 3 yr and could offer effective protection at an economic cost.

Hepatitis B Antibodies↗
PubMed1982

Role of bacterial adhesion in the pathogenesis of cholera.

In studies with the adult-rabbit ileal-loop model, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide somatic-antigen component of Vibrio cholerae gave passive protection against challenge with live V. cholerae. The antisomatic antibodies had no effect on bacterial proliferation and toxin production either in vivo or in vitro; after challenge, antibody-protected and non-protected rabbit ileal loops developed almost identical amounts of cholera toxin and numbers of V. Cholerae. The protection could be correlated only with a 10-15-fold reduction in the number of V. cholerae adherent to the mucous membrane of the antibody-protected loops. The amount of cholera toxin in the two sets of loops ranged from 1600 to 3200 units. In contrast, when biologically active cholera toxin was prepared in vitro, the amount required to induce ileal-loop secretion was very large (25,600 units). These findings indicate that toxin production by adherent vibrios on the surface of the mucous membrane is an important factor in the pathogenesis of cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Role of somatic antigen of Vibrio cholerae in adhesion to intestinal mucosa.

The in-vitro adhesion of Vibrio cholerae to intestinal mucous membrane was studied in isolated adult-rabbit ileal loops. Antisomatic antiserum Against V. cholerae Inaba could inhibit adhesion of three different strains of V. cholerae Inaba but had no effect on the adhesion of two different strains of enterotoxigenic NAG vibrios. The antiserum's bacterial agglutinin titre was 320, its anti-Inaba lipopolysaccharide (LPS) titre was 16 000 and its anti-flagellar antibody titre was 3200. Conversely, anti-live V. Cholerae Inaba antiserum absorbed with boiled cells of Inaba and devoid of antisomatic antibody, could not inhibit adhesion of the same three strains of V. cholerae Inaba. This antiserum had no anti-LPS or bacterial agglutinin activity, but its anti-flagellar antibody titre was 32 000. Thus, ability to inhibit adhesion of V. cholerae could be correlated only with antisomatic (anti-LPS) antibody activity. Antisomatic antiserum had no activity against 'adhesion', a V. cholerae surface antigen described by Freter. Conversely anti-live V. cholerae antiserum absorbed with boiled cells showed anti-adhesion activity even at a dilution of 1 in 200. LPS preparations from V. cholerae strain 569B Inaba could inhibit adhesion of two different Inaba strains to the intestinal mucous membrane. It is concluded that the somatic antigen plays a major role in the adhesion of V. cholerae to the intestinal mucous membrane.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of anti-delta antibodies in central India.

A total of 238 sera samples from cases of hepatitis, renal failure, thalassaemia, healthy health care workers (HCWs) & asymptomatic HBsAG carriers coming from central India from July 1992 to June 1998, were screened for anti-delta antibodies. Among 238 subjects, 206 were reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) while 32 were HBsAg non-reactive. The prevalence of anti-delta antibodies was low (1.9%) among 54 patients of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) while it was higher (5.7%) among 52 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD). The anti-delta antibodies positivity among 34 patients with hepatic failure was around 15% and all of them were FHF patients. Among multitransfused subjects such as chronic renal failure (CRF) the prevalence of anti-delta antibodies was low (2.3%). None of the apparently healthy HBsAg reactive HCWs and asymptomatic HBV carriers were reactive for anti-delta antibodies. Similarly anti-delta antibodies could not be detected in HBsAg negative viral hepatitis patients. There is a wide variation in the prevalence of anti-delta antibodies in different parts of India. However, overall prevalence of anti-delta antibodies appears to be lower in the Indian population in comparision to western countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aetiology and prognostic factors in hepatic failure in central India.

The present study was undertaken to establish the aetiology and prognostic factors of liver failure in central India. Of the 122 cases of hepatic failure 95 (78%), 19 (15.5%) and 8 (6.5%) were labelled as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), chronic hepatic failure (CHF) and subacute hepatic failure (SAHF) respectively. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were aetiological agents amongst 41% (n = 39) and 37% (n = 35) patients with FHF respectively. Mixed infection among such cases even though observed was infrequent and 15% (n = 14) of FHF did not have any serological markers. They were presumed to be due to non A-E viral infection. Thirty-one (33%) of the FHF patients were pregnant and 29 (94%) of them were due to HEV. Amongst patients with SAHF and CHF, HBV and HCV were important aetiological agents. The static prognostic risk factors noted in the present study are age above 40 years, presence of identifiable viral aetiology (A to E), alcoholic status in males and pregnancy particularly in the third trimester or postpartum state. Among the dynamic factors, bilirubin level above 20 mg/dl and prothrombin time over 20 seconds appeared to be the risk factors.

Adolescent↗