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Biomedical subjects

D Russell

Publications and source records attributed to D Russell.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Alterations in the concentration of an apolipoprotein E-containing subfraction of plasma high density lipoprotein in coronary heart disease.

The concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions in 100 healthy male subjects were compared with 100 newly presenting patients with myocardial infarction (MI) within 12 h of the onset of chest pain. A subfraction of HDL enriched in apolipoprotein E (apo E), separated by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, was present in lower concentrations (P < 0.001) in the plasma of the coronary patients than in the control subjects. This finding was confirmed by a lower content (P < 0.02) of apo E, measured by ELISA, in the total HDL fraction isolated from the coronary patients. Gradient gel electrophoresis of the total HDL demonstrated that the coronary patients had a significantly decreased concentration of the large HDL particles, HDL2b, of mean diameter 10.57 nm and a higher concentration of the smaller-sized HDL3, especially HDL3c, of mean diameter 7.62 nm. The coronary patients had a lower concentration of HDL cholesterol than the control subjects, attributable to the HDL2 fraction, with no difference in HDL2a between the two groups. There was no difference in the concentration of plasma cholesterol or triglyceride. The distribution of apo E phenotypes was similar in the two groups. HDL2b produced the highest discriminant power between the two groups, followed by apo E-rich HDL, HDL2 and HDL3c Plasma cholesterol correlated strongly with apo E-rich HDL for control subjects but not for MI survivors. This study demonstrates that the inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and coronary risk shown in epidemiological studies is attributable to the large, apo E-containing HDL subspecies which under some circumstances are implicated in cholesterol removal by reverse cholesterol transport. This study also suggests that the concentration of the large, apo E-containing HDL may provide a sensitive predictor for subjects at risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative assessment of four men using above-elbow prosthetic control.

We studied the relationship between kinematically unconstrained activities of daily living (ADL) tasks and a kinematically constrained task in above-elbow (AE) amputee subjects using myoelectrically controlled prostheses. Four men, 24 to 49 years old, with unilateral AE amputation wore a prosthesis interfaced to a programmable controller to emulate two different elbow control schemes, conventional velocity and a new "natural" controller. Subjects were timed during three ADL tasks--cutting meat, donning socks, and rolling dough--with both controllers. The prosthesis emulator was then connected to a crank device with a handle, and the subjects turned the crank from bottom to top positions in a vertical plane using each controller. Synergistic shoulder-elbow joint coordination required for crank turning was quantified as the maximum slope of the change in elbow torque versus the change in crank-angle. Performance between the two controllers differed significantly for the crank test but not for ADL tasks. One subject did not complete all crank turning tests. Positive canonical correlation of 0.77 was found between time and crank domain measures. We conclude that biomechanical assessments should be integrated with time-based clinical tests to comprehensively evaluate performance of AE amputee subjects with a myoelectric device.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmoscopy versus fundus photography.

PURPOSE: To compare fundus photography with ophthalmoscopy in the detection of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photographs with a nonmydriatic camera, both performed through dilated pupils, were compared to diagnose retinopathy in a cohort of 410 Oklahoma Indians with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A total of 795 eyes were examined using both methods. The mean age of participants was 60.3 years, with a mean duration of diabetes of 17.3 years. RESULTS: An overall agreement of 86.3% with a kappa statistic kappa of 0.74 was found between ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography with a nonmydriatic camera. For the diagnosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, kappa = 0.84 with an agreement of 98.1%. With a total of 61 cases of proliferative retinopathy diagnosed by either method in our study, ophthalmoscopy alone detected 88.5% and fundus photography, 78.7%. When compared on a lesion-by-lesion basis, agreement between the two diagnostic methods was highest for nonproliferative retinopathy, as well as fibrous proliferation. CONCLUSION: The fundus photography with a nonmydriatic camera, performed with mydriasis, is comparable to ophthalmoscopy for the detection of retinopathy. It may prove to be a suitable, cost-effective method for routine screening in diabetes clinics, provided ophthalmologic referral is ensured for those with a diagnosis of any form of retinopathy, questionable retinopathy, nondiabetic retinopathy, those with poor quality photographs, as well as those with acute changes in visual acuity.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed1993

Sex and grommet operations.

Sex differences in patients having grommet operations in Scotland were analysed to provide further evidence on whether girls should be managed differently from boys. In children treated at less than one year, 64% were boys, but this proportion declined with age and, after the age of 13 years, became less than 50%. The median age at treatment and the repeat operation rate were similar for both sexes. Different management according to the sex of the patient does therefore not appear to be justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Changing seasonality of birth--a possible environmental effect.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Seasonality of birth was examined to determine whether this has changed over the last half century. DESIGN: Time-series analysis was carried out on retrospective data, both for the full 50 year period and for the five decades within that period. Although the primary objective was to investigate seasonality by fitting an appropriate model and examining changes over the period studied, non-seasonal trends were also examined. SETTING: Data by month were obtained from the Registrar General on all births in Scotland during the years 1938-87. SUBJECTS: There was a total of 4,325,000 births in the 50 years examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There are two peaks to the seasonality rhythm--one wide, in spring/early summer and one narrow, in October. Cosinor analysis, modified to allow for the second peak, was used to fit a sine curve model. Analysis of variance showed that this was adequate and established the significance of both peaks. The main peak of seasonal excess rose to a maximum in 1948-57, and thereafter declined by two thirds. While the position of the main peak moved forward two months over the 50 years, the October peak remained unchanged until the final decade, when it rose slightly; thus its relative importance increased steadily from 1948 onwards. CONCLUSIONS: The changing biological rhythm may be related to alterations in the climate and environment or to social differences.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Lower-extremity amputation. Incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Oklahoma Indian Diabetes Study.

Oklahoma Indians with NIDDM (n = 1012) underwent a baseline examination in 1972-1980. The incidence of and risk factors for first lower-extremity amputation were estimated. The mortality rates of amputees using data from 875 patients who had no previous history of amputation and who underwent follow-up examination between 1987 and 1991 are presented. The mean age of the 875 patients was 51.6 +/- 10.8 yr, and the mean duration of diabetes was 6.6 +/- 6.1 yr. After a mean follow-up time of 9.9 +/- 4.3 yr, the incidence rate of first LEA among diabetic Oklahoma Indians was 18.0/1000 person-yr. The incidence rate was two times higher in men than in women. In both sexes, significant risk factors (P < 0.05) were retinopathy and duration of diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose, use of insulin, and systolic blood pressure were significant for men only. For women, plasma cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure were additional risk factors. Compared with the mortality rate of 33.5/1000 person-yr among nonamputees, the rate among amputees was 55.5/1000 person-yr. The 5-yr survival rate after first amputation was 40.4%. For the amputees, the most common causes of death were diabetes (37.3%), cardiovascular disease (29.1%), and renal disease (7.3%). The incidence and mortality rates in diabetic Oklahoma Indians were higher than those reported in Pima Indians and other diabetic populations. To lower the incidence of lower-extremity amputation in this high-risk population, preventive action through education, foot care programs, and early detection of lesions must be intensified.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A follow-up study of diabetic Oklahoma Indians. Mortality and causes of death.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mortality rates and causes of death for diabetic Oklahoma Indian adults by sex and age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cohort follow-up study with baseline examination between 1972-1980 and the mortality follow-up between 1986 and 1989. Mean follow-up time was 10 +/- 4 yr. A quasi-random sample of 1012 (379 men and 633 women) NIDDM American Indians in Oklahoma was performed. Mean age was 52 yr and duration was 7 yr at baseline. Mean degree of Indian blood was 92% (77% full blood). At follow-up, 548 (54%) were alive, 452 (45%) were decreased, and 12 (1%) could not be traced. RESULTS: Death certificates were obtained and coded (ICD-9) for 439 (97%) of the deceased. Mean annual mortality rates were 4.99% for men and 4.17% for women, with an increasing trend with age for both sexes. Compared with the general population of Oklahoma, the observed/expected ratios for number of deaths were 2.92 for men and 4.09 for women (P < 0.0001). The three leading causes of death were circulatory disease (38%), diabetes (24%), and malignant neoplasms (12%). CONCLUSIONS: There is an excessively high mortality among diabetic Oklahoma Indians compared with the general population in the state and with diabetic patients in other populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Immediate implantation into the posterior maxilla after antroplasty: the Cranin-Russell Operation.

Heretofore, the absence of adequate alveolar bone (4 mm or less) beneath the maxillary sinus has prevented placement of endosteal root-form implants at the same time as antroplasty. A technique has been devised which permits implantation to occur upon the occasion of sinus floor elevation. This has been made possible by the use of titanium fracture miniplates, which serve as transitional fixation devices until mineralization of the graft material creates implant osseointegration.

Bone Plates↗
PubMed1993

Intratracheal administration of endotoxin and cytokines. IV. The soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I inhibits acute inflammation.

Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intratracheally to rats causes pulmonary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production and results in acute broncho-alveolar neutrophilic inflammation. In the present study, the recombinant human TNF soluble receptor type I (sTNFrI) co-injected intratracheally with LPS is shown to inhibit significantly (P < 0.0001) the number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens at 6 hours as compared to intratracheal injection of LPS alone. The sTNFrI was at least as effective as the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as an inhibitor of acute inflammation. Inhibition of LPS-induced acute inflammation by the combination of sTNFrI and IL-1ra was not significantly more than the inhibition afforded by sTNFrI alone. Intratracheal co-injection of sTNFrI with LPS unexpectedly increased TNF levels in BAL specimens, perhaps by changing the normal catabolism of TNF. On the other hand, co-injection of sTNFrI and LPS decreased IL-6 levels in BAL fluid, most likely by interfering with the induction of IL-6 by TNF. The sTNFrI may prove to be an important pharmacological down-regulator of acute inflammation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Primary and preschool immunisation in Grampian: progress and the 1990 contract.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in immunisation performance in Grampian region after the introduction of the 1990 contract for general practitioners. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study using data held on the Grampian immunisation record system's computer. SETTING: All 95 general practices in Grampian region (313 general practitioners). PATIENTS: All children in the primary immunisation and preschool booster age groups. This formed two groups of children for each of the four calendar quarters of 1990 and first three quarters of 1991 analysed as (a) those aged 2 years on the first day of the relevant quarter and (b) those aged 5 years on the first day of the relevant quarter, with an average population of 6600 and 6400 respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage immunised by practice. RESULTS: For primary immunisation the number of practices achieving immunisation rates of at least 95% increased from 29 (31%) to 76 (81%), and practices achieving 90% rates rose from 69 (73%) to 87 (93%). For preschool boosters, the number of practices achieving at least 95% immunisation rates increased from 22 (23%) to 61 (64%). By the end of September 1991, 76 (80%) practices were achieving at least 90% levels compared with 36 (39%) at the beginning of 1990. Since the beginning of 1989 the proportion of immunisations not given by general practitioners declined from 14% to 2%. CONCLUSIONS: Primary and preschool immunisation rates for preschool children in Grampian showed a sustained improvement during 1990 and consolidation in 1991. Although overall trends were unchanged, 18 months after the introduction of the 1990 contract only one practice failed to meet lower target levels of 70% for both primary and preschool immunisation. By September 1991 more than three out of four practices had reached levels of at least 95% for primary immunisation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of a stress-induced, developmentally regulated gene family from soybean.

We describe a family of stress-induced, developmentally regulated soybean genes for which cDNAs have been obtained from two different cultivars (Glycine max cv. Mandarin and Glycine max cv. Williams). The mRNAs corresponding to these cDNAs, called SAM22 and H4, respectively, accumulate predominantly in the roots of soybean seedlings but are present at high levels in the roots and leaves of mature plants. SAM22 accumulation is especially dramatic in senescent leaves. In addition, SAM22 accumulation can be induced on young leaves by wounding or by transpiration-mediated uptake of salicylic acid, methyl viologen, fungal elicitor, hydrogen peroxide or sodium phosphate (pH 6.9). Taken together, these data indicate that the genes corresponding to SAM22 and H4 are induced by various stresses and developmental cues. Southern blot analysis indicates that multiple copies of sequences related to SAM22 exist in the soybean genome. We also show that the nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs corresponding to SAM22 and H4 are 86% identical at the nucleotide level to each other and 70% identical at the amino acid level to the 'disease resistance response proteins' of Pisum sativum.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities: simultaneous measurements in healthy subjects.

Blood flow velocities were measured in both middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of 36 healthy subjects using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Measurements were first made using a hand-held probe. Velocities were then studied bilaterally with fixed probes under resting conditions and during simultaneous regional CBF (rCBF) measurements. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation was found between MCA flow velocities and rCBF in the estimated perfusion territory of this artery. The correlation coefficient was highest when the measurements were performed simultaneously (p < 0.001) or when velocities recorded with a hand-held probe were adjusted to take into account the significant velocity increase induced by the CBF study situation. The increased velocities during CBF measurements cannot be fully explained by the moderate but significant PCO2 increase. Other possible mechanisms are increased blood flow due to mental activation or MCA vasoconstriction secondary to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of mental activation and PCO2 differences should therefore be considered when comparing the results of repeated velocity and CBF measurements.

Adult↗