Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to D Rosen.
Polyribonucleotide segments, about 60 nucleotides long and consisting of about 95% adenylic acid residues, were isolated from whole cell ribonucleic acid of the deuteromyceteous fungus Trichoderma viride. Similar findings in two other groups of the true fungi raise the possibility that short polyadenylate sequences may be a feature of these relatively simple organisms.
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Transforming growth factor beta is a multifunctional protein with known actions on bone and bone cells. The ability of TGF-beta to stimulate osteogenic parameters in vitro and osteogenesis adjacent to injection sites in vivo is well established. The purpose of this study was to determine if systemic administration of recombinant TGF-beta 2 (rTGF-beta 2) could stimulate bone formation in rats of different ages. Juvenile (25-day-old) and adult (160-day-old) rats were treated daily for 5 days and 14 days, respectively, with rTGF-beta 2 given by subcutaneous injection. Bone formation was measured in cancellous bone of the lumbar vertebrae in juvenile rats and the femoral epiphysis in adult rats. Endochondral bone growth rates were measured in the distal femurs from both juvenile and adult rats using histomorphometric methods. Systemic administration of rTGF-beta 2 resulted in substantial increases in bone formation rates (both surface and volume referent) in both juvenile and adult rats. In the juvenile rats, rTGF-beta 2 increased the percent double labeled surface and the mineral appositional rate. In the adult rats, TGF-beta 2 treatment increased the double labeled surface and also endochondral (longitudinal) growth parameters without changing the number of osteoclasts or the number of osteoclast nuclei per cell. These results demonstrate that short-term systemic administration of rTGF-beta 2 substantially increases cancellous bone formation rate in rats.
A method is outlined for extracting contours of the pressure exerted by feet on the ground, either directly or through the soles of shoes, and of the wear patterns on shoe soles. The method is applied to two types of image: shoeprint images made in the laboratory, and pedobarography images recording the distribution of pressure under the foot during a footstep. The first procedure in extracting the information from images involves low pass filtering in the Fourier domain, performed by a microcomputer and frame-grabbing system. The boundaries of the regions in the resultant images are then extracted from the filtered images to display the shape of constant pressure areas and of the general shoe-wear.
A number of automated microscopes are now commercially available. The principles of operation of such apparatus are briefly sketched and the main processes in the automation of picture acquisition and analysis are outlined. Examples are given of the automated examination of micrographs of nerves and muscles. The limitations of automated microscopy at the present time are stressed, but it is argued that the apparatus can be usefully employed for simple counting and sizing tasks while improved capabilities are being developed.
A variety of biomarkers have been developed to monitor growth of ovarian cancer and to detect disease at an early interval. CA125 (MUC16) has provided a useful serum tumor marker for monitoring response to chemotherapy, detecting disease recurrence, distinguishing malignant from benign pelvic masses, and potentially improving clinical trial design. A rapid fall in CA125 during chemotherapy predicts a favorable prognosis and could be used to redistribute patients on multiarmed randomized clinical trials. Several studies now document that CA125 can serve as a surrogate marker for response in phase II trials. Serial measurement of CA125 might also provide a useful marker for monitoring stabilization of disease with cytostatic targeted therapeutic agents. The greatest potential for serum markers may be in detecting ovarian cancer at an early stage. A rising CA125 can be used to trigger transvaginal sonography (TVS) in a small fraction of patients. An algorithm has been developed that calculates risk of ovarian cancer based on serial CA125 values and refers patients at highest risk for TVS. Use of the algorithm is currently being evaluated in a trial with 200,000 women in the UK that will test critically the ability of a two-stage screening strategy to improve survival in ovarian cancer. Whatever the outcome, as 20% of ovarian cancers have little or no expression of CA125, additional serum markers will be required to detect all patients in an initial phase of screening. More than 30 serum markers have been evaluated alone and in combination with CA125 by different investigators. Some of the most promising include: HE4, mesothelin, M-CSF, osteopontin, kallikrein(s), and soluble EGF receptor. Two proteomic approaches have been used: one examines the pattern of peaks on mass spectroscopy and the other uses proteomic analysis to identify a limited number of critical markers that can be assayed by more conventional methods. Both approaches are promising and require further development. Several groups are placing markers on multiplex platforms to permit simultaneous assay of multiple markers with very small volumes of serum. Mathematical techniques are being developed to analyze combinations of marker levels to improve sensitivity and specificity. In the future, serum markers should improve the sensitivity of detecting recurrent disease as well as facilitate earlier detection of ovarian cancer.
Results are presented to demonstrate and establish a methodology of comparison of pedobarograph (PBG) images. Dynamic PBG images were processed so that contours of equal pressure could be extracted. After normalization for size, position and orientation, a representative contour was selected from each image and compared with the representative contours from other images. The comparisons yielded dissimilarity coefficients. The dissimilarity coefficients obtained from intercomparisons of the contours from the 57 PBG images of unshod and 35 PBG images of shod footsteps used in this study were subjected to agglomerative cluster analysis. The results, involving many hundreds of intercomparisons, group together the images made by an individual subject and clearly separate the three subjects studied.