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Biomedical subjects

D Richard

Publications and source records attributed to D Richard.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Reversible increase in energy deposition following castration induced by a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist.

The effects on energy balance of a potent gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, have been investigated in rats. Female rats initially weighing 180 g were divided into three groups. One group of rats underwent a bilateral ovariectomy whereas the two remaining groups were sham-operated. Rats in one of the two sham-operated groups were treated with Buserelin which was administrated by means of miniosmotic pumps. The remaining rats were implanted with minipumps that delivered saline. After 28 days of treatment, half of the rats in each group were killed by decapitation whereas the remaining animals had their pumps removed so that the Buserelin treatment stopped. The post-treatment lasted 28 days after which period, rats were killed. Body weight and food intake were measured over every 2 or 3 day periods. Carcasses were analyzed for their contents in protein, fat and energy. During the treatment period, rats that were ovariectomized and those treated with Buserelin increased their food intakes and energy depositions. The increase in energy deposition reflected an increase not only in fat but also in protein deposition. During the post-treatment period, metabolizable energy intake of rats that were administered Buserelin returned to the levels of placebo-treated rats. Twenty-eight days post-treatment, the carcass energy contents of the Buserelin-treated rats were no longer different from those of placebo-treated rats. In conclusion, Buserelin induces an increase in energy deposition that is readily reversed upon cessation of the treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of infections and their risk factors in geriatric institutions: a one-day multicentre survey.

This one-day prevalence survey of 1919 patients (74% females and 44% aged greater than or equal to 85 years) in nine geriatric hospitals, six of them located in France and three in Switzerland, indicated a high prevalence of infections in elderly institutionalized patients (infection rate: 18.7% in males and 15.4% in females). The risk factors for infection were identified and the relative risks assessed. Prevention of infections in geriatric wards should be one of the goals of every care-giver. A low rate of infection in elderly inpatients is thus likely to be associated with care of good quality.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in trained and nontrained humans.

The aim of the present series of experiments was to investigate the hormonal counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in trained and nontrained healthy individuals. Five endurance athletes and six controls were administered intravenous insulin infusion at a rate of 0.15 U/kg/h until plasma glucose reached 50 mg/dL. The mean duration of the infusion in the trained and nontrained subjects corresponded to 18.6 and 26.3 minutes (P less than .01), suggesting that the former were characterized by an increased insulin sensitivity. Plasma glucose levels were similar in the two groups at the end of the insulin infusion, as well as during the postinfusion recovery period. Forty-five minutes after the end of the infusion, plasma glucose levels were not significantly different from the preinfusion levels in the two groups. During this period of glycemia recovery, the increases in plasma glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone were at least 50% lower in the trained than in the nontrained subjects. The increase in heart rate and oxygen uptake during the same period of time was significantly higher in the trained subjects. To determine whether this reduced hormonal response to hypoglycemia was due to reduced insulin levels or to an increased sensitivity to counterregulatory hormones, we investigated the effect of epinephrine on plasma glucose in two other groups of trained and nontrained subjects. In response to a constant epinephrine infusion of 0.01 or 0.1 micrograms/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/min, plasma glucose levels increased similarly in the two groups. In conclusion, these results indicate that trained subjects are characterized by a normal recovery from hypoglycemia despite a reduced response of counterregulatory factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1990

Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the anorexia induced by exercise.

The role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the sex-dependent anorexia induced by exercise was investigated in male Wistar rats. Each rat was implanted with a permanent guide cannula that was stereotaxically positioned close to the right lateral ventricle of the brain. During the recovery period, which lasted 10 days, rats were accustomed to eat three meals per day. The onset of each meal occurred every 8 hours. During a meal, rats were allowed free access to a pelleted stock diet for one hour. Ten days after the surgery, rats were injected in the right lateral ventricle of the brain with either saline or 100 micrograms of alpha-helical CRF (9-41), a selective CRF antagonist. Fifteen minutes after the injections, half of the rats were forced to exercise while the others were allowed to rest. The exercise consisted of a moderately intense period of running on a motor-driven treadmill during 40 minutes. Immediately after the period of exercise, animals were offered food, and the amount eaten during the meal period was carefully measured. The results indicate that the exercised rats ate less food than resting animals when saline was infused prior to subjecting the animals to running. In addition, in saline-treated animals, growth of exercised rats was slower than that of resting rats during the day following exercise. Contrastingly, in rats infused with alpha-helical CRF (9-41) exercise exerted no effect on food intake, neither did it reduce body weight gain of the rats. The present results suggest that CRF plays a major role in the anorexia caused by exercise in male rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Lipoprotein lipase activity in white adipose tissue of rats subjected to exercise--rest cycles.

This study was conducted to determine serum lipid levels and the activity of lipoprotein lipase in epididymal white adipose tissue of rats undergoing exercise training. During the 8-week period of treatment, one group of rats was kept sedentary and the remaining animals were exercise trained either continually (1 h of daily treadmill running) or intermittently (alternate weeks of daily running and inactivity). Exercise training, either continual or intermittent, decreased postprandial serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, which returned to sedentary levels in the intermittently trained animals following a week of rest. Lipoprotein lipase activity in whole epididymal adipose pad was lower in rats trained continually than in the sedentary group at the end of the treatment. The intermittent training program elicited large fluctuations in both the specific (per milligram of protein) and total (per tissue) activity of lipoprotein lipase in white adipose tissue. During rest periods, enzyme activity rose to levels that were higher than those of sedentary rats, whereas lipase activity was below that of sedentary animals following a week of running. In the last exercise--rest cycle, body weight gain of the intermittently trained rats was nearly abolished during the week of running, but it increased above that of sedentary animals during weeks of rest. The present results suggest that the modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in white adipose tissue is one of the adaptations that take place to accommodate the fluctuations in the rate of energy deposition that occur in the rat during an intermittent training program.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions do not prevent anorectic effect of exercise in male rats.

The effects of a hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lesion on energy balance were investigated in exercise-trained rats. Male Wistar rats weighing initially 250 g were divided into four groups. Two groups of rats underwent a bilateral PVN lesion, whereas the two remaining groups were sham operated. The PVN lesions were done electrolytically. One group from each surgical treatment was exercised, while the other group was kept in sedentary conditions. Rats were exercised on a rodent motor-driven treadmill at moderate intensity, 1 h/day for 21 consecutive days. Food intake and body weight were measured each day during the study. At the end of the treatment period, rats were killed, and carcasses were analyzed for their energy content. Serum corticosterone was measured by a competitive protein-binding assay. Energy gain and energy intake were lower in exercised rats than in sedentary controls, regardless of whether they were sham or PVN lesioned. Concurrently, there was no difference in the energy gain between PVN-lesioned and sham-operated rats, despite the fact that PVN-lesioned rats ended the experiment with a larger body weight than the sham-lesioned animals. Serum corticosterone levels were lower in PVN-lesioned rats than in sham-lesioned rats. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the PVN, the hypothalamic nucleus predominantly controlling the pituitary-adrenal axis activity, is not a prominent structure in the regulation of energy balance in exercised male Wistar rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Chemical composition of feces from bovines, sheep and goats feeding from Sahelo-Sudanese natural or farming fields: its use for estimating the nutritive value of their diet].

The chemical composition of grazing cattle, sheep and goat feces is described according to animal species, type of range (natural pasture or fields after crops) and season in a sub-Sahelian environment. Nutritive value (organic matter digestibility and digestible crude protein) of forages can be estimated from some chemical fecal criteria.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

[Surgical treatment of basocellular carcinoma of the auricular concha. Our experiences apropos of 11 cases].

Next to an anatomical come back authors describe different surgical technics they used for the rebuilding of the ear concha, after exeresis of basal cells epitheliomas: Post auricular island flap. Pretragian flaps superior pedicle. Post auricular flaps with a superior pedicle in two or one time. Clinical cases show what they said. To conclude, authors insist on the advantages of surgery: It allows, in the "conchal area" a protection of contiguous cartilage, in addition to a total check-up of the tumor. Surgical treatment can also be used to correct failures or resumption after radiotherapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The role of exercise in thermogenesis and energy balance.

The role of exercise training in energy balance has been reviewed. Recent well-conducted studies showed that exercise may increase energy expenditure not only during the period of exercise itself but during the postexercise period as well. This notion of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), which has been a controversial issue for many years, is now becoming a generally well-accepted concept, the consensus being that EPOC takes place following prolonged and strenuous exercise bouts. Besides, the role of EPOC in long-term energy balance remains to be determined. Long-term energy balance studies carried out in rats show that exercise affects energy balance by altering food intake and promoting energy expenditure. In male rats exercise causes a marked decrease in energy intake which contributes, in association with the expenditure of exercise itself, to retard lean and fat tissue growth. From the suppressed deposition of lean body mass, decreases in basal metabolic rate can be predicted in males. In female rats, exercise does not affect food intake; the lower energy gain of exercise-trained females results from the elevated expenditure rate associated with exercise itself. In both male and female rats, there is no evidence that exercise training affects energy expenditure other than during exercise itself unless the habitual feeding pattern of the rats is radically modified. The interactive effects of diet and exercise, which have to be further investigated in long-term energy balance, emerge as a promising area of research.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of exercise-rest cycles on energy balance in rats.

The present study investigated the nutritional energetics of rats exercised either intermittently or continually. Male rats were divided into three groups: a sedentary group, an intermittently trained group, and a continually trained group. Continually trained rats were exercised every day for a period of 8 wk. Over the same period, intermittently trained rats were exercised for 4 wk, each week being followed by a week of rest. Rats were trained on a rodent treadmill at a moderate intensity. Carcasses were analyzed for energy, fat, and protein contents. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis was assessed by measuring mitochondrial guanosine 5'-diphosphate binding. Energy intake was lower in both intermittently and continually trained rats than in sedentary animals. The weight, fat, and protein gains were, in continually trained rats, significantly lower than in sedentary animals. Similarly, intermittently trained rats had lower gains than sedentary animals, although the difference between the two groups was not as marked as the difference between sedentary and continually trained animals. Energy expenditure, which represents the difference between energy intake and energy gain, was less than sedentary controls in both intermittently and continually trained rats. The low expenditure in trained groups did not, however, relate to changes in facultative BAT thermogenesis.A low energy expenditure on components such as basal metabolic rate and obligatory diet-induced thermogenesis would most likely account for the difference in expenditure between sedentary and trained rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1989

Effect of exercise training on energy balance of orchidectomized rats.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate both the respective and interactive roles of exercise training and testosterone on energy balance. Male rats were divided into sedentary and exercise-trained groups. Each group formed was further divided into a sham-operated group, an orchidectomized group, or an orchidectomized group treated with testosterone. Rats were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 h/day over 28 consecutive days, after which rats were killed. Energy balance measurements, body composition analyses, and serum testosterone assay were then performed. The weight, protein content, and cytochrome-c oxidase activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were also measured. Results indicate that total food intake, final body weight, and body weight gain were generally lower in exercise-trained rats than in sedentary animals. In orchidectomized rats treated with testosterone, gains of both fat and protein were lower in exercise-trained than in sedentary animals. There was no difference in metabolizable energy intake and body energy gain between trained and sedentary rats that underwent orchidectomy without replacement therapy. In orchidectomized groups of rats, energy gain was lower in trained rats that were treated with testosterone than in those that did not receive any treatment. Furthermore, in trained orchidectomized rats treated with testosterone, both energetic efficiency and energy density of body weight gain were lower than those of trained orchidectomized rats that were not treated. Finally, a significant reduction in IBAT weight was observed in exercise-trained animals, whereas neither exercise nor the various hormonal manipulations affected IBAT protein content and cytochrome-c oxidase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1989

Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on energy balance in rats are sex dependent.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a chronic intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on energy balance of male and female rats. One week after their delivery to the laboratory, both male and female rats were divided into two groups. One group in each sex was treated with human/rat CRF, while another group was infused with the vehicle. Chronic administration of CRF was accomplished by means of miniosmotic pumps connected to a cannula that was stereotaxically directed into the third ventricle. Food intake and body weight were measured each day during the study. After 14 days of treatment, the rats were killed by decapitation. Energy, fat, and protein contents of the carcasses were quantified. Serum testosterone and estradiol were assayed in males and females, respectively. Administration of CRF significantly reduced body weight gain and food intake in male rats. No significant difference in those variables was observed between female rats treated with CRF and their controls infused with saline. Similarly, metabolizable energy intake and body energy gain were reduced in male rats infused with CRF, whereas no difference was observed between female animals treated with CRF and those infused with saline. In male rats, body fat and body protein contents were lower in CRF-treated than in saline-infused rats. In female rats, CRF did not affect body composition. Serum testosterone in male rats and serum estradiol in female animals were reduced after chronic infusion of CRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Properties of an orthopoxvirus strain isolated from camels in Niger].

The VD47 viral strain, isolated from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Niger possesses camelpoxvirus morphology and characteristic properties: heat sensitive, ether resistant, chloroform and IDU sensitive, with ceiling-temperature 38.5 degrees C. It induces formation of syncytial and retracted cell foci with hemadsorption test positive. No pathogen for mice and very mildly for rabbits, this virus is neutralizable by anti-vaccine serum. The question of camelpoxvirus and camelparapoxvirus pathogenicity for human is discussed by the authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Haemonchosis in camels].

Over the last thirty years, several surveys referring to the gastrointestinal parasites in the dromedary have shown high infestation rates by Haemonchus longistipes. Certain other studies have pointed out the economic and clinical importance of the camel haemonchosis. The author presents an overview of established knowledge on this major disease for the dromedary, which has hitherto been underestimated. The known features belonging either to this species or inferred from sheep haemonchosis, as a much better studied illness, are then presented. They refer to the parasite and to its cycle, to epidemiology, pathogeny, symptoms, lesions, diagnosis and treatment not forgetting feasible prophylactic measures as a conclusion. The author insists upon the season characteristic of the disease, the factors favouring infestations, and the more or less severe anaemia/cachexy syndrome, according to the observed forms of the affection. Differential diagnosis is often difficult to ascertain and several effective drugs available for treatment are reviewed. Finally, the control of this illness needs to take into account the specific features of the dromedary rearing together with a necessary involvement of the camel owners.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The "kite" flap in the reconstruction after excision of a basal cell carcinoma of the face. Our experience with 45 cases].

The "Kite" flap is a triangular protruding flap attached underneath the skin. The authors present the results of the utilisation of this type of flap in reconstruction after removal of baso-cellular cancer of the face. After a brief historical and technical recall, they contemplate a study of 45 patients operated on by this method. The preferential localisations of this type of flap are analyzed (sub-orbital region, naso-genien region, labiogenien region). Other techniques of repair are discussed region by region. However, the authors emphasize the facility of execution of the "Kite" flap and its excellent aesthetic results, its principal use being in the reconstruction of the sub-orbital region.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Fatty acid composition of serum lipids and its relation to diet in an elderly institutionalized population.

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional status with respect to fatty acids of 53 institutionalized elderly subjects (group A). Seven-day food records and biochemical determinations were used. The same protocol was applied to 25 healthy young adults (group B). The 1981 French Recommended Dietary Allowances were used to assess adequacy of intake. Total fat intake was found to be too high in both groups. Higher intakes of animal fats and saturated fatty acids and lower intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid were documented in group A than in group B. Elderly subjects exhibited decreased 18:2 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6 in serum phospholipids and triglycerides. Other indicators of essential fatty acid status in group A differed from group B in the direction of deficiency (double-bond index [DBI], 0.93 +/- 0.01 vs 1.13 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.001; total omega 6, 25.07 +/- 0.46% vs 32.49 +/- 0.89%, p less than 0.001). These findings indicate that institutionalized elderly people are deficient in circulating essential fatty acids, which appears to be caused by both diet and metabolism.

Adult↗